Causes and treatment of inflammatory processes in gynecology. Prevention of inflammatory diseases

Prevention inflammatory diseases periodontal

Grudyanov A.I., Ovchinnikova V.V.
Prevention of inflammatory periodontal diseases. - M.: Medical Information Agency LLC, 2007. - 80 p.

The guide is dedicated to the prevention of inflammatory periodontal diseases. The importance of the problem is determined by the widespread prevalence of these diseases throughout the world, the severity of their course, negative impact on human health. The authors emphasized primary prevention. The guide covers the pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal diseases and professional oral hygiene. Separate chapters are devoted to prevention hypersensitivity dental tissues, prophylactic use antiseptic drugs. Hygienic means for the prevention of inflammatory periodontal diseases are described.

For dentists and medical students.

UDC 616.31-089.23 BBK 56.6
ISBN 5-89481-499-5

List of abbreviations

Chapter 1. Pathogenetic basis of inflammatory periodontal diseases

Chapter 2. Hygienic means for the prevention of inflammatory periodontal diseases

2.1. Oral hygiene

2.1.1. Oral hygiene training

2.1.2. Approaches to the selection of personal hygienic prevention products

2.2. Facilities personal hygiene oral cavity

2.2.1. Toothbrushes

2.2.2. Interdental oral hygiene products.

2.2.3. Toothpastes

2.3. Halitosis

2.4. Prevention of hypersensitivity of dental tissues

2.5. Prophylactic use of antiseptic drugs

Chapter 3. Professional oral hygiene

Conclusion

Bibliography

ABBREVIATION LIST

INTRODUCTION

The problem of preventing periodoptic diseases is one of the leading places in modern dentistry. The importance of this problem is determined by the widespread prevalence of periodontal diseases throughout the world, the severity of their course, and the negative impact on human health. According to different authors, the prevalence of periodontal diseases reaches 98%. According to statistics, 90% of the adult population in industrialized countries show more or less pronounced clinical signs of gingivitis, 50% of the population have symptoms of moderate periodontitis, and 3% of the population suffer from severe periodontitis. IN Lately more often noted severe course periodontitis, the number of people with aggressive forms of periodontitis has increased. Due to the fact that the treatment of developed forms of periodontitis requires significant time expenditure by specialists, which increases as the process becomes more severe, full provision of patients with appropriate medical assistance turns out to be a problem that cannot be solved in any country in the world. Therefore, it is obvious that only timely started and carried out to an appropriate extent, the prevention of inflammatory periodontal diseases can provide an effect that the most complex and expensive therapeutic interventions can achieve only on a very limited scale. The scope and structure of periodontal services should be focused on therapeutic and preventive interventions. The time spent by specialists on conducting initial and repeated courses of preventive and therapeutic interventions was studied. To carry out professional hygienic treatment, 2.5 U IiT is required for the initial and repeated courses. For the treatment of chronic catarrhal gingivitis, respectively, 5.75 p 1.75 UET; for the treatment of mild periodontitis 9.75 and 5.75 UET; medium degree 14.2 and 7.4 UET; severe,"57.5 and 2.5 UET, respectively. These figures justify the need to develop preventive measures.

Prevention is a system of state, social, hygienic and medical measures aimed at ensuring a high level of health and preventing diseases.

Depending on the degree of coverage of the population and existing species preventive measures, there are three levels of prevention dental diseases:

• individual;
• collective;
• mass.

At a meeting of experts of the World Health Organization (Moscow, 1977) it was adopted next classification types of prevention depending on the goals pursued and stages of implementation of preventive measures.

• primary prevention - system measures aimed at preventing dental diseases by eliminating the causes and conditions of their occurrence, as well as increasing the body’s resistance to the effects of adverse factors in the natural, industrial and domestic environment;
• secondary prevention - a set of measures aimed at preventing relapses and complications of diseases;
• tertiary prevention - a system of measures aimed at rehabilitation of dental status by preserving functionality organs and tissues of the maxillofacial area, mainly by replacement method.

Primary prevention, in turn, is divided into two components:

• etiotropic, i.e. aimed at reducing the intensity of the action or completely eliminating the influence of pathological causative factors. Actually, we're talking about about the impact, first of all, on the microbial factor or on the combination of microbial with viral factors, as well as on situations that contribute to the strengthening of their pathological effect on periodontal tissue;
• pathogenetic, i.e. aimed at eliminating inflammatory changes in the periodontium caused by the causative factor and preventing their subsequent aggravation.

Primary prevention of periodontal diseases involves:

• training in the basics of individual oral hygiene, monitoring the quality of its implementation and the desired achievement of sustainable motivation for its constant implementation;
• carrying out professional hygienic treatment of the oral cavity at certain intervals;
• elimination of violations of the architectonics of the soft tissues of the oral vestibule, abnormal attachment of cords and frenulum (short cords and frenulum; small vestibule of the oral cavity);
• according to indications - timely orthodontic treatment in order to normalize the distribution of mechanical load on the teeth and at the same time eliminate (in case of crowding of teeth) conditions for increasing the activity of microbial influences. In fact, the same goals are pursued by other measures: maintaining the oral cavity in a sanitized state, eliminating supracontacts and functional selective grinding of teeth, timely orthopedic treatment- before the occurrence of lesions in periodontal tissues.

The listed preventive measures must be carried out among all segments of the population, regardless of age, this is especially necessary for people suffering from endocrine diseases, pregnant women, and those with bad habits, since in conditions of reduced resistance all potentially pathogenic aspects are realized especially actively. In this regard, it is logical that, along with eliminating the causative factors of periodontal diseases, one of the important, if not the main task, is the implementation of measures that can increase the body’s resistance to existing unfavorable factors. In other words, prevention must be comprehensive.

CHAPTER 1
PATHOGENETIC BASES OF INFLAMMATORY PERIODONTAL DISEASES

1.1. Mechanisms of development of inflammatory periodontal diseases

The periodontium performs a number of important functions: barrier, trophic, plastic, shock-absorbing function of reflex regulation of chewing pressure. When periodontal tissue becomes inflamed, these functions are disrupted, the degree of which increases with the duration of the inflammation, especially when the inflammatory destruction of soft tissue is accompanied by destruction of the bone of the alveolar processes, causing tooth mobility, significant damage to the functional activity of the masticatory apparatus - up to the loss of teeth. It is characteristic that as the local inflammatory reaction becomes more severe and generalized, its detrimental effect on the state of the general protective mechanisms of the body and a number of organs and systems simultaneously increases - i.e. a vicious circle is formed, which significantly complicates the solution of treatment problems.

According to modern point of view, the main cause of the development of gingivitis and periodontitis is microbial infection. Moreover pathological changes in the periodontium can occur even with a certain sharp increase in the number of ordinary microorganisms, but especially when so-called people-topathogenic microbes appear in their composition, however, it should be borne in mind that the realization of the pathogenic effect of microbial accumulations occurs only under the condition sharp decline local and general defense mechanisms.

In periodontal diseases, several types of bacteria are most often identified among oral microorganisms: among gram-negative anaerobes, these are bacteroids: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas melanogenica; anaerobospirillum, spirochetes, fusobacteria and gram-positive anaerobic and microaerophilic microorganisms of the actiomycete groups (A. naeslundii, A. vis-cosus, A. israelii) and streptococci. The most typical microorganisms of dental plaques in periodontal lesions are Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Veillonella parvu-la, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Peptostreptococcus micros. The main periodontopathological role is played by anaerobic microorganisms: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyrimonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, etc. The peculiarity of the action of these anaerobes is that they secrete extremely active endotoxins and enzymes that damage the cells and intercellular structures of all periodontal tissues, including bone.

Since microorganisms are constantly present in the gingival area, their destruction through the bactericidal components of saliva, phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages), and presenting cells (so-called “dendritic cells”) occurs constantly. However, up to a certain level, signs of inflammation are not detected clinically, and the gum tissue appears normal. After the number of microorganisms exceeds a certain critical mass, or if periodontal pathogenic species appear in their composition, a clinically visible inflammatory reaction in the form of gingivitis. It should be said that subsequent progression of the process is not always necessary, but still in the vast majority of cases, if adequate measures are not carried out in a timely manner at this stage therapeutic effects, then the inflammation spreads to the underlying periodontal structures - gingivitis turns into periodontitis. Thus, gingivitis and periodontitis have a single multifactorial nature. But in addition to the obligatory presence of a causative microbial factor, the likelihood of transformation of gingivitis into periodontitis and the speed of this transition itself are influenced by the state of the sympathetic-adrenal, endocrine systems, autoimmune processes, “local” protective factors, etc. It is quite legitimate to consider them as a consequence of disadaptation of the body under influence of unfavorable factors: acute and chronic stress, metabolic disorders, involutive processes, etc., which act from the inside, creating a favorable background for the implementation external factors. First of all, this is facilitated by a violation of oxygen metabolism due to the action of the listed factors, namely: the saturation of tissues with oxygen increases without sufficient provision for its utilization, the concentration of reactive oxygen species increases, and endoperoxides are formed, which have a toxic effect on tissues.

It should be said that one of the very important reasons for the prevalence of inflammatory periodontal diseases is that in the vast majority of cases they both arise and proceed without significant pain. Often, the only symptoms of their presence in a person for a long time are: bleeding of the gums of varying intensity, which also periodically decreases and is very unequal, and bad smell from the mouth (halitosis). This explains the fact that, despite the apparent absence of great difficulties in effectively preventing gingivitis and periodontitis, in reality this is not very realistic, since patients turn to specialists only at the stage of deep lesions, since they sincerely believe that it is the sharp mobility of teeth or abscess formation that are the first signs diseases. In connection with the above, it becomes clear that along with the above components of preventive measures, perhaps the most important is the promotion of knowledge among the entire population about this group of diseases - i.e. information using all available funds!

Despite the constant improvement of therapeutic methods, any disease, especially if treated incorrectly or untimely, can cause the development severe complications. And inflammatory processes that affect the reproductive system can deprive one of the most valuable things - the opportunity to become a parent. Therefore, it is important to monitor your health and prevent diseases of the genital organs.

Preventive measures for women

1. Periodic visits to the gynecologist. Frequency of visits – 1 time per year, as prescribed by the doctor, take smears or undergo colposcopy.
2. Self-examination (palpation) of the mammary glands. Perform monthly on days 5–6 of the cycle. Women aged 29–30 should undergo a mammogram once a year.
3. Regular sex. During sexual intercourse, blood circulation in the female genital organs increases, which prevents the inflammatory process.
4. Perform exercises to improve the tone of the vaginal muscles. Recommended for women over 40 years old.
5. Sexual hygiene. To prevent diseases of the genital organs, it is recommended to use a condom during intimate intercourse.
6. Protection from unwanted pregnancy during the reproductive period. Regular use of contraceptives will help avoid abortion.
7. Timely emptying Bladder and intestines. With frequent suppression of urges, blood circulation in the pelvic area deteriorates.
8. Genital hygiene. A woman should shower at least once a day. You need to wash your genitals in the direction from the vagina to the anus. You should also change your underwear daily.
9. During menstruation, abstain from sexual intercourse. During this period, the mucous membrane is most susceptible to infection.
10. Balanced diet. IN mandatory add vegetables and fruits to the menu. Avoid flour products, as they provoke the development of candidiasis.
11. Gymnastics or light sports. Training should not cause discomfort; exercises should be performed without lifting loads weighing more than three kilograms.

Prevention and care of the genital organs will help a woman maintain hormonal balance and will improve the quality of your intimate life.

During pregnancy to the expectant mother follows with special attention relate not only to own health, but also to the development of the baby. Experts highlight several recommendations for the prevention of abnormalities in the development of the genital organs:

1. Pregnancy planning. Before conception, a woman needs to undergo examination by specialists, if possible, cure chronic diseases and sanitize infectious foci.
2. Register with the consultation clinic in a timely manner - before 12 weeks of pregnancy.
3. Visit your obstetrician regularly and follow all specialist recommendations.
4. Avoid bad habits (smoking, drinking alcohol) during pregnancy.
5. Do not take medications without a doctor's prescription.

Preventive measures for men

Preventing the development of inflammatory processes in the male genitourinary system will help maintain sexual health. Prevention of diseases of the genital organs in men consists of several stages:

1. Balanced diet. Sufficient consumption of fiber and vitamins accelerates metabolic processes and increases male strength.
2. Regular training. It is better to conduct classes with a trainer who can choose the optimal type of load.
3. Undergoing regular preventive examinations. It is especially important in the presence of chronic diseases.
4. Getting rid of bad habits. This includes smoking, alcohol and drugs.
5. Lack of long-term abstinence. Regular sexual intercourse promotes the production of male hormones.
6. Avoidance random connections. Protection protects against sexually transmitted infectious agents.

Medicines for the prevention of diseases of the reproductive system

There are several groups chemicals, helping to prevent infection of partners during sexual intercourse. Correct Application guarantees 65–70% results.

Spermicidal agents

The main purpose is contraceptives, and the secondary purpose is the prevention of inflammatory diseases of the female genital organs. The protective effect does not apply to all types of STDs, and spermicides can provoke the development of candidiasis. Contraindications include pregnancy. Recommended drugs in this group:

• Pharmatext;
• Contraceptin-T;
• Steriline;
• Dolphin;
• Patentex.

The advantage of use is the preservation of all natural sensations during sex and ease of use. And the disadvantages include the occurrence of a side effect - burning.

Antiseptics

They are an emergency method of preventing diseases of the genital organs. Effectiveness is maintained when used within one and a half hours after intimacy. The products are produced in the form of solutions intended for the treatment of female and male genital organs, the surface of the thigh and pubis. It is also injected into the urethra, having previously diluted the antiseptic with water. Representatives on the pharmacy market:

• Chlorhexidine;
• Vocadine;
• Elgidium.

Mostly used only for casual relationships.

Vaccination

Vaccinations are given against hepatitis B and human papillomavirus. If there are no contraindications, then this is an excellent solution for lifelong prevention.

Antibiotics

They help prevent infectious diseases of the genital organs if taken in a “shock” dose during the first 24 hours after sex. This method of prevention creates a large burden on all organs and systems of the body. With constant use, dysbacteriosis develops in the gastrointestinal tract and the body's defenses decrease. The most suitable tablet for the prevention of diseases of the genital organs is Safocid.

Prevention by mechanical means

Barrier (mechanical) drugs guarantee 85% protection against infectious diseases of the reproductive system. The low efficiency is due to several factors:

• the infectious focus may be located on a part of the body not covered by a condom;
• infection through contact and everyday life– intimate toys or general hygiene products;
• the size of pores in latex exceeds the size of viruses;
• the lubricant used damages the mucous membrane of the female genital organs, which facilitates the penetration of infectious pathogens.

But still, the condom is considered a popular and effective means of protection against diseases transmitted during sexual intercourse. It is recommended to use latex protection for all types of sex.

You should buy from certified places, checking the integrity of the packaging and expiration date.

Algorithm of action for emergency prevention

If you can't visit medical institution, That emergency prevention can be done with an antiseptic. First, you need to urinate immediately after intercourse. Treat the genital area and the skin near them with an antiseptic (antifungin, chlorhexidine). Using the thin nozzle included in the kit, the antiseptic solution is injected into the urethra (2 ml) and into the vagina (10 ml). After 1–3 minutes, wash off the solution; you should refrain from urinating for an hour. Finally, use a candle or antiseptic tablet. Enter 1 piece. into the vagina or male urethra.

For the male half of humanity folk remedies used in the form of tea collections from medicinal plants. Regular use preserves male strength and health. The course of treatment is 12–15 days, and the frequency is 2 times a day. To prepare, pour 500 ml of boiling water into a tablespoon of the collection, infuse and filter. Divide the portion into two doses.

• wild rose fruits - 5 tbsp. l.;
• black currant leaves - 1 tbsp. l.

• strawberry leaves and stems – 1 tsp;
• blackberry leaves – 1 tsp;
• dried black currants - 3 tsp.

• raspberry fruits (dried or frozen) – 3 dessert spoons;
• blackcurrant leaves - 1 tbsp. l.;
• oregano – 1 dessert spoon;
• meadowsweet – 1 dessert spoon.

• black loose leaf tea – 10 tsp;
• St. John's wort – 2 tsp;
• lemon balm - 3 tsp;
• crushed valerian root – 1 tsp.

Traditional prevention recipes for women

Prevention of herbal medicine for women can be done in the form of douching and baths.

The infusion for douching is brewed, filtered and cooled to body temperature. Introduce slowly using an Esmarch mug, and if discomfort is felt, stop immediately.

Recipe No. 1:

• oak bark – 1 tsp;
• flowers medicinal chamomile– 2 tsp;
• young nettle leaves – 3 tsp.

Recipe No. 2:

• linden flowers - 2 d.l.;
• flowers medicinal calendula– 1 tsp;
• oak bark – 3 tsp.

Recipe No. 3

• calendula flowers – 2 tsp;
• angustifolia lavender – 0.5 tsp;
• fluffy birch leaves - 1 tsp.

Symptoms and treatment of genital diseases

If prevention does not help to avoid the development of an inflammatory process in the genital organs, treatment should begin. Therapeutic measures are discussed with a specialist and must be strictly followed to avoid chronicity of the disease.

Main symptoms infectious lesion reproductive system:

• itching and burning sensation in an intimate place;
• frequent or infrequent and painful urination;
• increased body temperature, symptoms of fever;
• the appearance of discharge from the genital tract;
• formation of ulcers or blisters.

The treatment of diseases of the genital organs is approached comprehensively, several types of antibiotics are prescribed, based on the results of bacteriological research.

In addition to antibiotics, immunostimulating drugs are prescribed to increase protective forces body. They also prescribe medications that improve blood circulation in the pelvic organs.

Physiotherapeutic methods include laser, magnetic and ultrasound therapy. For men additional method therapy is prostate massage. When patients feel better, they are referred to physical therapy, which helps to recover after a long course of antibiotic therapy.

Applicable Spa treatment to secure therapeutic effect and for the purpose of preventing relapses. IN health program includes mud therapy and UHF therapy.

During the rehabilitation period, you should adhere to the diet prescribed by your doctor. Eliminate all spicy, salty, smoked and fried foods.

Why you still need to go to the gynecologist - my version

It so happens that most women do not like to go to the gynecologist and postpone this visit until the last minute, and this is quite understandable. To go to the doctor, you need motivation, something should disturb you and distract you from your daily activities, because the importance of prevention can only be fully felt by a doctor who sees the consequences of advanced diseases every day.

The female reproductive system, unlike the male one, exists in a cyclical process that only stops during pregnancy and after menopause. The rest of the time, processes in a woman’s body do not stop, aimed at preparing for the next pregnancy, that is, every day a woman has a different hormonal background and processes actively occur in the genital organs, which does not happen in men.

Obviously, a car that is actively used breaks down more often than one that is parked in a garage, so the female reproductive system is more susceptible to various disorders and requires more frequent monitoring by a doctor.

Women can be conditionally divided into two groups - those for whom everything is normal from the very beginning of menstruation and no problems with gynecology, and those for whom problems begin already in adolescence and they solve them throughout the entire reproductive period.

The vast majority of gynecological problems and diseases in women from the first group are acquired, that is, their occurrence can be prevented.

Below in the table I will present a clear example:

Gynecological surgeries that can be avoided:

So, based on these tables, we can identify three factors that can protect against gynecological diseases:

• Taking hormonal contraceptives between pregnancies
• Regular examination by a gynecologist
• Avoid infections and inflammations

Hormonal contraceptives - beneficial effects.

Having studied the tables presented above, you may get the impression that I am betraying too much great importance taking hormonal contraceptives. Most women have a very negative attitude towards them. However, the data presented is not my theory, but simply reflects the results of large clinical studies that were recently conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Comparing the two large groups of women of different ages who took and did not take hormonal contraceptives for 5 years, it was established significant difference in the frequency of gynecological diseases between women from these groups. It turned out that Long-term use of contraceptives ensures the prevention of most gynecological diseases. That is why in the presented tables there is quite often an indication of taking hormonal contraceptives.

In general, it is not strange that throughout the world the number of women using hormonal contraception reaches 40-60%, and in Russia in general 3-4% of women use hormonal contraception, and only in large cities this percentage reaches 15-20%.

It became obvious that between pregnancies the cyclical processes of the reproductive system should be suppressed, since it is precisely in the constant repetition of these processes “idle” that lies the reason for the formation of disorders leading to the development of gynecological diseases. Hormonal contraception provides precisely this temporary suppression of cyclicity, which ensures rest of the reproductive system between pregnancies. It is no coincidence that the latest WHO proposals for taking hormonal contraception indicate the need for long-term use of contraception according to the so-called extended regimen, that is, several packs of the drug in a row without breaks for menstruation. It was in this scheme that even more positive effects of contraception were revealed.

The question arises - Is it possible to protect yourself from gynecological diseases without using hormonal contraception? It is possible, but for this it is necessary to take it more often than it should be taken in modern conditions, implement reproductive function.

Remember, 100 years ago almost all families had many children, but now on average 2 children are born in a family, that is most a woman spends her life outside of pregnancy and breastfeeding. That is why it became necessary to artificially limit the functioning of the reproductive system so that it did not work “idle” for a long time.

It is important to understand that the reproductive system was not given to a woman so that she would menstruate every month. The increased social activity of a woman increasingly pushes into the background the implementation of the reproductive function and the woman gets used to the fact that menstruation in her life is as normal as breathing and digestion, although in reality this is not the case. Menstruation is the body's reaction to the absence of pregnancy, and not a cleansing function.

Think about the biological expediency of giving a woman a monthly “holiday” in the form of premenstrual syndrome, abdominal pain and bleeding. In addition, it is known that just before menstruation there is an exacerbation of all chronic diseases.

In general, one can argue for a long time, proving that multiple menstruation is not a physiological norm for a woman, and that no matter what, female body requires its intended use. It is obvious that a modern woman cannot implement a life program the way it was a hundred years ago.

Many women in modern world have proven that their abilities are much broader and go beyond just childbearing. Therefore, for a modern woman who deliberately limits herself in childbearing, the best option protect yourself from the formation of gynecological diseases and neutralize bad feeling During menstruation, hormonal contraceptives can be used. They seem to preserve the reproductive function until the moment when it is needed.

Of course, the situation with the tolerability of contraception is not ideal, some may even have contraindications to its use, and some tolerate all drugs very poorly, but we must remember that there are always exceptions and it is impossible to create a remedy that would suit everyone.

Modern drugs are better and better tolerated with each new generation, and side effects are less common. The drug can almost always be selected in such a way that you will not even notice that you are taking contraception. In addition, new forms of drug administration have been created - a vaginal ring and a patch, which further simplify the use of contraception.

Based on personal practice, I can say that those of my patients who began taking hormonal contraception (we selected it so that it was well tolerated) began to come only routine examinations and no gynecological problems were detected in them.

Regular examination by a gynecologist

Many serious gynecological diseases begin to manifest themselves only in an advanced stage. Myomas, adenomyosis, ovarian cysts, cervical pathology and a number of other diseases are asymptomatic at the very beginning of their development. It is easiest and most effective to treat these diseases at the very beginning of their development.

Modern gynecology has the ability to cure most diseases without radical operations or other aggressive interventions if these diseases are detected at an early stage.

Here is a very clear example: Every year in Russia alone, about 800 thousand uterine amputations are performed due to uterine fibroids. This disease is very successful and is treated and controlled in the initial stage of its development, that is, if women regularly (at least once a year) were examined by a gynecologist and had an ultrasound scan once a year, hysterectomy for this disease would be single. After all, most patients with fibroids do not receive a consultation with a gynecologist for years and turn only when faced with a problem heavy menstruation or the enlarged uterus does not begin to be felt through the abdomen.

And a small ovarian cyst, a small myomatous node or mild cervical dysplasia - all these conditions do not manifest themselves in any way. You will not be able to detect these changes in yourself in any way, but these changes, detected in time by a doctor, can radically change your destiny. The cyst will not grow to such a size that the entire ovary will have to be removed, a large myomatous node will not raise the question of surgery or expensive embolization, and cervical dysplasia will not form into cancer.

Look at those reasons why you haven't been to the gynecologist for years and evaluate their significance, in comparison with the consequences that this may lead to.

• No time, I'm working all the time– a visit to the gynecologist in the worst case will take you half a day and this half day should be carved out once a year – this is always possible
• I'm afraid to go because it's painful, unpleasant and humiliating– you can always find an alternative clinic or doctor, or, as a last resort, endure the peculiarities of “Russian medicine”, but can these fears and troubles during an examination be compared with the fact that in the event of an illness, you will have to go to the gynecologist much more often or even go to the hospital for surgery?
• I'm afraid to go, because they will definitely find something on me. Of course, in our country, especially in private medicine, there is such a “bias” towards searching for non-existent diseases. But even if they find more, you can always double-check this data with another doctor and get a second opinion. But they will definitely not miss those changes that could lead to further serious consequences. After all, this is how you can “get” to a situation where the fear becomes justified.
• Nothing worries me, I feel great, my periods are regular, there is no discharge - why get checked? I repeat once again that some diseases do not manifest themselves at all at the very beginning. For example, serious changes in the cervix or a large endometriotic ovarian cyst are completely asymptomatic - the cycle will be regular and the discharge will be normal and your health will be excellent. These diseases will manifest themselves at a very advanced stage, when treatment will be long, difficult and expensive and not always with a good prognosis.

Whatever the reasons why you are postponing a visit to the gynecologist, they will not be able to compare with the benefits that a preventive examination provides. Only an examination by a doctor can give you confidence that everything is fine with your gynecology. You yourself cannot examine and evaluate all organs of the reproductive system.

Just make it a rule to undergo an examination with a gynecologist and ultrasound once a year. It’s like a technical inspection for a car - if you undergo it regularly, you can always be sure that the car will not let you down along the way, and timely replaced parts will not lead to more serious breakdowns and expensive repairs.

Infections and inflammation

It is very difficult to cope with this problem, since to a greater extent this problem affects interpersonal relationships. Almost every woman knows that sexual activity can bring not only pleasure, but also the risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections. Everyone knows that the only way A condom is a protection against infections, but it is not always used.

Why?

• It is somehow not customary for us to show each other certificates of absence of infections before starting to have sex without a condom. Against the background of feelings and disposition towards a person, the absence of infections is taken for granted, and a request to get tested can cause bewilderment.
• Passion is blinding and at this moment neither of the partners thinks about the consequences.
• Some people don’t use a condom on principle because they simply don’t like using it and rely on “maybe” regarding possible infection.
• Alcohol or other intoxication is often the reason for having unprotected sex.

How to solve this problem - everyone decides on their own, since universal recipe No. Man is an irrational being, subject to passions and reckless and thoughtless actions, often relying on chance and luck.

Infections are not only embarrassing, disgusting and unpleasant, many infections leave serious problems for health, the significance of which can be felt later. So, for example, chlamydia often leads to the development of adhesions in the pelvis and disruption of the patency of the fallopian tubes, which can subsequently manifest itself in the form of infertility or ectopic pregnancy.

Past, poorly treated or untreated infections are one of the leading causes of a number of gynecological diseases. Knowing and understanding this, it is quite easy to make a choice: simple and reliable prevention in the form of using a condom or checking your partner for infections, or treating the consequences of previous infections.

As for the second group of women, let me remind you that these are those who have problems from the very beginning of menstruation; it is very important to immediately begin to solve them.

For example, menstruation is not established, they walk as they want, weight gain occurs, etc. Often, women do not pay due attention to this problem, but begin to solve it only when pregnancy does not occur, or when the condition begins to worsen the quality of life. In fact, all such disorders respond very well to treatment if it begins on time.

Thus, you can very effectively protect yourself from most gynecological problems. following a simple formula:

• Regular examination by a gynecologist + ultrasound (at least once a year)
• Take hormonal contraceptives between pregnancies or fully perform reproductive function
• Avoid infections and inflammations, and if they occur, provide high-quality and complete treatment.
• If gynecological problems begin - do not delay their treatment for a long time.

This type of disease ranks in the “honorable” first place of all gynecological pathologies. The entire reproductive system can be affected by them, namely: ovaries, appendages, fallopian tubes, external genitalia, etc. All inflammatory processes and infections are real provocateurs of the development of infertility, and in some severe cases they can be fatal for a woman. The cause of such diseases is pathogenic viruses and bacteria that enter the body, which develop and can develop into a chronic condition if the immune system person is weakened. In such conditions, it is easier for microbes to get comfortable.

Prevention

• To begin with, it is necessary to give preference to barrier methods of contraception, which, first of all, prevent penetration harmful microorganisms into the woman's genitals, thereby reducing the risk of infection.
• It is also very important to maintain good hygiene. Inaccuracy in this matter can lead to the development of gynecological diseases even in the absence of intimate contacts. The prohibition of use applies to other people's towels, underwear and other intimate hygiene items.
• Be selective with your choice of partners. A variety of casual relationships is directly related to increased risks of infection. In addition, your partner, for his part, should treat you with care. It is known that injuries and microtraumas of the vagina during sex increase the risk of inflammation.

Endometriosis

Endometriosis is characterized by the growth of the inner layer of the uterus beyond its limits and the ability to penetrate into other organs: rectum, vagina, ovaries. Every tenth woman during a medical examination learns that she has this pathology. Prevention of endometriosis is necessary for all women without exception (it is almost impossible to determine when and who the disease will choose).

Prevention

• To avoid endometriosis, a woman should follow correct mode work and rest, balanced and rational diet, avoid stressful situations and physical fatigue.
• Another measure to prevent pathology is the treatment of obesity (do not confuse it with extreme diets - they will not help!).
• During sex, happening at the moment female menstruation, blood from the vagina can be released into the uterus, which is a risk factor for the development of endometriosis.
• Try to avoid abortions. During the operation, the inner uterine layer is severely damaged, which increases your chances of encountering this pathology.

Tumors

Non-treatment of gynecological and inflammatory diseases may be accompanied by the formation benign tumors in the body, such as, for example, uterine leiomyoma. The appearance of neoplasms is promoted by abortions and surgical operations on the genitals. Risk factors for benign neoplasms ovarian problems are varied: from menstrual irregularities to obesity, diabetes mellitus and thyroid diseases.

Prevention

• The method of combating such tumors is timely and correct treatment inflammatory and infectious gynecological diseases and compliance with all the above recommendations without exception.

Cancer

This serious disease is always discovered unexpectedly. However, scientists focus on some risk factors regarding gynecological malignant neoplasms. They are most often caused by: early onset of sexual activity, frequent change partners, human papillomavirus infection, smoking, a number of cervical pathologies (including erosion).

Prevention

• A timely visit to a gynecologist who will help detect and properly treat diseases of the cervix, etc.
• Maintaining healthy image life. Quitting smoking, maintaining good hygiene, using condoms.

Women's health is a rather fragile thing, requiring careful treatment and attentiveness. Even a tiny wind of change can bring life big problems for the whole family. After all, nature entrusted a woman with the most valuable and precious thing she had - the ability to give birth to a new, pure person.

And, unfortunately, it so happens that inflammatory diseases take precedence among a number of other diseases. About 70% of girls turn to gynecologists precisely because of the inflammatory process. And how many are there who don’t even know about it.

And all this can lead to serious consequences in women’s health, including infertility.

Inflammatory diseases in gynecology speak for themselves - these are problems that arise in the female half of humanity. In medicine, their abbreviation is VPO (inflammatory diseases of the genital organs).

Recently, there have been significantly more of them than our ancestors had. And this despite the fact that in the new century women pay more attention to hygiene than before.

The Ministry of Health claims that the reason for this was too much migration of the population on different continents, confusion in the sex lives of young people, poor ecology and, as a result, too weak immunity.

Inflammatory diseases can occur due to the following factors:

• Mechanical;
• Thermal;
• Chemical;
• The most common causes are infections.

Nature took care of women’s health and created a biological barrier to stop the inflammatory process in gynecology.

The first barrier is the vaginal microflora. In a woman's vagina there is lactic acid, which has grown under the influence of lactic bacteria. It is she who prevents such a problem as flora pathology from developing, with the help of her acidic environment. And blood, during menstruation, washes away all foreign microorganisms into the vagina and thereby renews it again.

True, if a woman has an operation to remove the ovaries or has a period, the entire system is disrupted, which easily leads to pelvic inflammation in the future.

The second barrier is the cervix. If it is not damaged, it remains natural in its parameters. And the mucous membrane is in good condition and has a bactericidal effect, then the inflammatory process freezes and does not reunite with the internal genital organs. It is clear that if the clarity and lines of the cervix and its contents are disrupted, the percentage of penetration is much higher.

The female vaginal microflora is inhabited by many types of microorganisms, but they are not at all dangerous to her. Of course, if a woman has good health, but poor health can cause a number of inflammatory processes. Hypothermia can affect your health psychological factors and much more.

Where does “female-style” inflammation come from?

Causes of inflammation “female style”

Every woman, while still a little girl, heard more than once in childhood from adults: “Don’t sit on the cold.” Mom explained that now the girl would not feel anything, but then, in adult life, she will regret it more than once. And this is one of the reasons when mature age Inflammatory processes often appear.

Inflammation “female-style” can lead to adhesions in fallopian tubes, and as a result, to infertility.

But in fact, inflammatory processes in the female genital area can be various reasons and there are a lot of them.

The routes of penetration of inflammatory pathogens are varied. These include:

• Sperm can carry inflammations such as gonococci, chlamydia, E. coli and also gonorrhea;
• Trichomonas;
• The so-called passive method - through the flow of blood and lymph;
• External manipulations inside the uterus. For example, probing, examination on a chair using instruments, various operations (induced abortion, curettage, etc.);
• , rings and more. This is one of the most used contraceptives. But whoever uses such methods of protection against unwanted pregnancy automatically increases their risk of developing inflammatory diseases by as much as 3 times. Inflammations can be localized around the contraceptive itself, inside the uterus. The source can also be a damaged structure of the cervix and its mucous membrane. It is especially not recommended to joke with this for women who plan to become mothers;
• If we have already touched on contraception, we will separately highlight hormonal protection. On the contrary, it promotes the body's protective barriers. When scientists created them, they included a role in them that modifies the lining of the uterus. After which she prevents sperm from getting to internal organs women. In addition, the process of blood loss during the monthly cycle is improved, which reduces the possibility of the inflammatory process entering the uterus;
• wear protective properties from inflammatory diseases;
• Abortions, curettages - all this can provoke complications in the form of inflammation of the appendages. In general, such a problem will be visible after 5 days, less often after 2-3 weeks. And if a woman had pathogens before surgery, then the chances of VPO increase sharply. It also influences reduced immunity after the operation.
• Postpartum infection. This can happen quite often. If there was a difficult pregnancy, postpartum trauma, caesarean section, then the risk increases. Fact: after a planned cesarean section, fewer representatives of the beautiful part of humanity suffer from inflammatory diseases than after a sudden cesarean section;
• Various operations related to gynecological problems.
• Congenital and acquired pathologies. In newborns, problems are associated with the endocrine system, metabolic process, etc. Past childhood and adolescent diseases, where the causative agent was infection. Problems in nervous system and diseases associated with endocrine disorders, in adults they increase the risk of VZPO;
• Negligence in reception and others antimicrobial agents. Failure to comply with the rules for taking medications can provoke an inflammatory process in a woman’s body;
• Improper nutrition (undernutrition, overeating, unbalanced diet, etc.);
• Failure to comply with hygiene rules;
• Unfavorable living conditions;
• Unfavorable working conditions;
• Hypothermia of the body;
• Overheating of the body;
• Nervous tension;
• Psychological injuries and their consequences;
• Lack of normal sex life;
• Constant change of sexual partner;
• Fear of possible pregnancy;
• And even one’s own dissatisfaction with oneself can provoke inflammatory processes in a woman’s body;
• And other.

As you can see, the reasons can be varied and provoked by external, internal factors and the thought factor.

Classification of female inflammatory diseases

"Women's" diseases

Based on the duration of the disease, the following processes are understood:

• Spicy. About three weeks;
• Subacute. Up to 1.5 months;
• Chronic. Which last for more than two months.

Inflammatory processes occur in:

• External genitalia. For example, on the vulva;
• Internal genital organs. These include problems in the uterus, diseases associated with the appendages, pelvis, vagina, etc.

There are also VPOs of the upper and lower parts of the gynecological organs. Conventionally, they are separated by the internal uterine os.

Based on the type of pathogen, VZPOs are divided into:

• Specific. This includes diseases that are caused by pathogens such as staphylococcus, coli, streptococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa;
• Nonspecific. Trichomonas, candida, virus, mycoplasma, ureaplasma, Klebsiella, Proteus, chlamydia and others cause disease here.

Now let's look at the most famous and common types of diseases.

Inflammatory process of the lower parts of the female body:

• Vulvitis. Appears on external female organs. exists in the primary and secondary form, there are acute and chronic forms.
  Symptoms: painful sensations, burning sensation in the perineum and when going to the toilet in a small way. In the vulva area there is a feeling of self-irritation. General malaise, severe leucorrhoea, the person’s temperature rises. On appearance You can see swelling of the labia or partial swelling, small abscesses on them, possibly purulent.
  Treatments the following are prescribed: refusal of sexual intercourse, use of ointments, vaginal tablets, baths, immunotherapy, vitamin therapy. Physiotherapy may be prescribed: UV irradiation of the external genitalia,. they use traditional methods of treatment using herbs such as oak bark, chamomile, etc.
• Furunculosis of the vulva. These are inflammations that occur with a purulent process in the area of ​​the hair follicles of the sebaceous glands.
  Symptoms: redness around the hairs, then they turn into dark red nodules, which over time turn into swelling, boils. They first fester, then come out and the wound heals.
  Treatment produce ointments, creams and hygiene.
• Colpitis or vaginitis. Inflammation in the vaginal area and its lining. The causative agents are chlamydia, trichomonas, mycoplasma, streptococci, staphylococci and others. This is one of the most popular diseases affecting women. If this disease is started, the inflammation will move further towards the cervix, to the uterus itself, appendages, etc. In the end everything can come to severe consequences such as infertility, .
  Symptoms: heaviness in the lower abdomen, burning sensation when urinating, copious discharge, purulent discharge. When examined on a chair, you can see swelling of the vaginal mucosa, rashes, redness, etc.
  Treatment prescribed based on the smear result. It may be local or general. According to the method, the following are distinguished: douching, treatment with solutions, administration of balls, tablets, suppositories, compresses with ointments, creams. May appoint antiviral drugs. The following herbs are used at home: nettle, elderberry, bergenia, pharmaceutical chamomile, garlic, celandine and much more.
• Bartholinitis. Inflammatory process in the large gland of the vestibule of the vagina. At the entrance to the vagina, one or two glands become enlarged, they hurt when pressed, and pus may be released. There may be redness around.
  Symptoms: The patient's body temperature may rise and worsen general state. If treatment is refused, neoplasms appear in the form of phlegmon and gangrene.
  Treatment: cold compresses, taking a course of antibiotics, rest. In advanced stages, surgery is prescribed.
• Condyloma acuminata. Benign formations on the upper layers of the skin of the perineum. The causative agent is a common virus. It can be found on the labia, in the perineum, in the vagina, in the inguinal folds, on the cervix.
  Symptoms- this is a copious discharge. Their appearance is similar to a mushroom - a cap with a stem. They can be at a distance from each other or gather together. Sometimes, they may secrete pus and produce an unpleasant odor.
  Treatment is to remove them and eliminate the cause. If the cause was identified independently by the patient and treatment was performed, then the condylomas will eliminate themselves.
• Vaginismus. Inflammation manifests itself in the form of nerve contractions inside the vagina. Such a disease may indicate complications of diseases such as disease of the vulva and vagina. Vaginismus can also be a consequence of rough sex or impotence of the sexual partner, etc.
  Under treatment anti-inflammatory drugs, hypnosis, with the help of a psychotherapist, etc.
• Candidiasis (). Inflammatory processes in the vulva and cervix are caused by infections. The causative agents are yeast-like fungi, candida.
  Symptoms: itching, burning in the vaginal area, copious discharge, often of a curd-like nature, with a sour smell, pain during lovemaking.
  Treatment Prescribe local (cream, vaginal tablet) and oral administration (tablet, capsule).
• Cervical erosion . Changes in the structure of the mucous membrane of the cervix. Basically, a woman cannot detect erosion on her own; it is found on preventive examination in the gynecologist's chair. If neglected, it turns into a polyp on the cervix, which can ooze or release blood. If it is not treated further, then after a while you can discover cervical cancer.
  Treatment consists of administration with oils, creams, emulsions with antibiotics. With absence positive results treatment is prescribed by electrocoagulation.

Inflammation in upper sections female genital organs:

• Endometritis . Inflammatory process on the mucous membrane of the uterus. Often found after menstruation, artificial removal of the fetus. The causative agents are usually infections. Endometritis can be chronic or acute.
  Symptoms: pain in the lower abdomen, pain when urinating, copious vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor. Sometimes the uterus may become enlarged. The patient may also experience a high body temperature.
  Treatment: assigned antibacterial drugs, mechanical cleaning of the uterine cavity, detoxification. At chronic endometritis may prescribe the process of hormone therapy.
• Adnexit . This inflammation of the female genital organs is also called salpingoophoritis. In this case we are talking about inflammation of the ovaries. Available with one and two-sided. Most often, the infection comes from the lower genital organs. It can also be carried by Trichomonas and spermatozoa. It is transmitted, spreading the disease, through sexual contact or during manipulations in the middle of the uterus (intrauterine device, abortion, etc.).
  Symptoms hardly noticeable, sometimes minor ones can be felt in the groin. If the disease is acute, the patient’s body temperature rises and severe intoxication of the body occurs.
  Treatment consists of taking a course of antibiotics. A more severe inflammatory process is treated in a hospital under the supervision of a doctor. A course of multivitamins and immunostimulating drugs is also prescribed.
• Pelveoperitonitis . Inflammatory processes in the peritoneal part of the pelvis. Quite often it happens that inflammation proceeds from inflammation of the uterus and genital organs. Various pathogens: staphylococcus, mycoplasma, streptococcus, chlamydia, gonococcus, pathogenic microflora, Escherchia, Protea, Bacteroides. There are fibrinous and purulent inflammation Pulvilperatonitis.
  According to symptomatic The patient feels chills, elevated body temperature, vomiting, bloating and abdominal pain. In appearance, a woman may have a white coating on her tongue and feel pain in the back of the vagina.
  Treatment the disease goes away in the hospital, go cold on the stomach. Antibacterial drugs and antiallergic drugs are prescribed. If the disease is neglected, it is quite possible that peritonitis may develop. Then you cannot do without surgery.

Infections through “pleasure”: inflammation due to sex

Separately, I would like to highlight inflammatory processes that are sexually transmitted. In the modern world, promiscuous sex can lead humanity not only to pleasure, but also to infectious diseases. In nature there are more than 50 species. Among them: AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia and much more.

Anyone should seek help if they notice symptoms of possible diseases. This will help him avoid many consequences in the future.

Here are a few problems that may be of concern:

• redness of the penis;
• increased lymph nodes in the inguinal folds;
• strange critical days;
• wounds in the mouth, body, hands;
• increase in body temperature and the like.

But most often, many diseases are not felt at all, so it is recommended to be examined by a doctor more often.

There are the following diseases in the world that can be transmitted through sex:

• Trichomoniasis. The causative agent of Trichomonas. Place of entry: lower genitalia. This is one of the most common inflammatory processes. In the case of men, this disease can affect the ability to conceive a child. WITH symptoms are as follows: discharge of yellow-gray leucorrhoea with a specific odor. Itching, burning of the labia, vagina, pain during sex. There may be pain when urinating, as with. During treatment of the disease, sexual contact is excluded, and two partners are treated at once.
  Drugs are prescribed that are aimed at suppressing Trichomonas in the body. Herbal medicine can serve as an adjuvant. Among the medicinal plants are: lavender, bird cherry, wormwood, oak bark, birch leaves, pharmaceutical chamomile and many others.
• Gonorrhea. It occurs in acute and chronic forms.
  Symptoms: frequent urination, pain and burning when urinating, there may be purulent discharge from the urinary canal, increased bleeding. This disease affects the cervix and urinary canal. If a woman is pregnant, the fetus may also be infected. Treatment is carried out in a hospital with the help of anti-inflammatory drugs, antiallergic drugs. Physical procedures may be prescribed (Ural irradiation, UHF, electrophoresis, etc.)
• Chlamydia. The causative agent of chlamydia. Parallel symptoms are pharyngitis, otitis media, pneumonia and others. A woman with chlamydia may experience itching of the external genitalia and discharge of pus from the vagina. At the treatment stage, both partners are treated at once, sexual rest is prescribed, a course of immunostimulating drugs, an antibiotic is given.
• Genital herpes . This viral infection is transmitted even through a kiss. Basically, the disease is asymptomatic only, sometimes it may appear on the vulva, inside the vagina, cervix, in the middle of the perineum. Their appearance is similar to red bubbles 2-3 mm in size, swelling of the skin. After about 3-7 days, the blisters burst and in their place purulent ulcers of varying degrees of severity appear. With the appearance of ulcers, pain, itching, burning appears in the perineum, vagina, and on the urethra. Body weight may increase, weakness, fatigue may develop, sleep patterns may be disrupted, and more. The causes of genital herpes can be sex, neurological stress, hypothermia, and overwork.
  Treat this disease with the help of acyclovir, ointments, creams, antiallergic drugs, courses of vitamins. Among traditional methods these are: sitz baths, douching. In this case, there is a possibility of the disease returning.

Prevention of inflammatory diseases in gynecology

Preventive measures to prevent inflammatory processes in women's reproductive system the following:

• Personal hygiene, especially intimate;
• Twice a year;
• A healthy lifestyle in everything: nutrition, bed, daily routine, etc.;
• Use of contraception;
• Order in sexual relations.

Dear women, remember that no one can take better care of your health than you yourself. Healthy man- happy man.