There may be an inflammatory process. When inflammation kills

Inflammation of various organs of our body is a very common problem, which one has to face at the most inopportune moment. The cause of such inflammation can be various bacteria and infectious agents, such as staphylococcus, streptococcus, all kinds of viruses and viral bacilli, fungi and other infections.

How can you treat inflammation with folk remedies at home?

Inflammation is a process that occurs as a result of tissue damage. It aims to combat the agents that caused the damage, as well as repair damaged tissue. However, a prolonged inflammatory process means that the body needs help.

Each of us needs to know this. After all, inflammation is the most common pathological processes occurring in our body. They lead to:

• slowing down blood flow
• the occurrence of pain,
• swelling,
• temperature rise
• and, ultimately, to disruption of the body’s functioning.

Therefore, we need to know how to cure inflammation different parts body and how to cope with inflammation at an early stage of its development in order to prevent significant negative consequences.

The universal remedy is antibiotics. They suppress the activity of pathogenic bacteria. However, to eliminate the consequences of inflammation, auxiliary drugs and methods of treatment are needed. Most of our organs are susceptible to inflammation, and each has its own means and methods of treatment. So, for pneumonia, it is necessary to use expectorants, antihistamines and inhalation drugs. Inhalations used for difficulty breathing and as a means of antibacterial therapy. By using expectorants the lungs are cleared of mucus. Antihistamines serve to reduce pulmonary edema and prevent allergies to other medications.

Effective ways treat inflammation of different parts of the body at home

Inflammation can be cured by using various antibacterial and antiviral medicinal herbs and plants in combination with other natural resources. This treatment allows you to achieve excellent results and get rid of inflammation in a short time.

A common form of inflammation is inflammation of the female genital organs. We recommend that you use medicinal herbs as Bay leaf, leaves from walnuts, leaves from blueberries, immortelle, St. John's wort, coltsfoot, sweet clover, nettle, licorice, thorn roots and others. Drinking tinctures of aloe and pumpkin juice, and linden, thyme and chamomile inflorescences are used as a decoction. Propolis and mumiyo can also be used.

There are many old effective recipes for pneumonia, respiratory tract or tuberculosis. In such cases, it is necessary to use a tincture consisting of St. John's wort, essential oils, oat broth and medicinal herbs like a violet pine buds, plantain, aloe, etc. Familiar products like honey, onions and garlic are also quite effective.

For inflammation of the larynx, we recommend using rinses various decoctions tinctures. For example, you can rinse your mouth with a tincture of ammonia in combination with a small amount of water, as well as a tincture of fresh nut juice or rose oil. You can also cook medicinal ointment from the folk remedy sage and camphor, they should be mixed with a small amount of honey. In addition, we recommend eating more grapes and pomegranates.

There are different types of inflammation. If your tooth hurts because your gums are inflamed, and you can’t go to the dentist immediately, you can rinse your tooth with salt. Dissolve a tablespoon of salt in a glass boiled water and thoroughly but gently rinse the aching tooth. This should be done at least once an hour.

Inflammation can occur due to small scratches - if the redness and swelling does not subside for a long time, consult a doctor, you may need more serious treatment than just tinctures medicinal herbs or decoctions. In addition, if you get a scratch, be sure to treat it with hydrogen peroxide and iodine or brilliant green - then more serious measures will not be needed.

To treat inflammation of the ovaries, in addition to antibiotics, take decoctions of medicinal plants: boron uterus, chamomile, calendula. In addition, it is effective to use various medicinal fees, consisting of various herbs, which are used specifically for gynecological diseases. A herbal decoction is needed for douching, after which tampons or anti-inflammatory suppositories prescribed by a doctor should be placed.

To treat ear inflammation, use ear drops providing local therapeutic effect directly in the ear cavity. Also used ear candles and physical therapy.

Antibacterial sprays or antifungal medications are used to combat oral inflammation.

There are many diseases associated with inflammation of different parts of the body. Most of them are treated using regimens similar to those described above. But each case has its own nuances and subtleties, and additional medications are used. And, although the basis of any anti-inflammatory course is antibacterial therapy, antibiotics alone to cure inflammation are not enough for a complete recovery. Therefore, an individual treatment regimen must be selected by a doctor who decides how to treat inflammation in each specific case.

How to quickly treat inflammation during colds and sore throats at home?

This question is probably one of the most common. Surely everyone is familiar with the situation when, on the eve of an important business meeting, a vacation trip or a holiday party, the temperature suddenly rises, a headache begins, a sore throat and aching joints. All these are signs of inflammation that accompanies diseases such as flu or tonsillitis. And here it is important not only to relieve the symptoms of inflammation that disrupt the planned event, but to get rid of inflammation at an early stage. What needs to be done for this?

First of all, take antibiotics - Penicillin (or any other drug penicillin series) or, if you are allergic to it, Erythromycin.

If you have inflammation at home, drink more fluids: warm water, tea with raspberries or honey, fruit juice and so on.

Mix crushed leaves of sage, yarrow, St. John's wort and coltsfoot in equal proportions. Measure out two tablespoons of the resulting mixture and pour a glass of boiling water. Let it brew for one hour, filter and gargle with the prepared infusion to quickly treat inflammation.

Mix one big spoon honey with 20 drops of propolis tincture and 5 drops of Lugol's solution. After thoroughly mixing the ingredients, use a teaspoon to separate a quarter of the mixture and place it under your tongue. Try to dissolve the folk remedy for inflammation as slowly as possible, holding it in your mouth. Repeat the procedure four times a day.

Buy peach, eucalyptus or tea tree. Mix 20 milliliters of purchased oil with 5-7 milliliters of sea buckthorn. Use a pipette to drop the prepared mixture onto your tonsils if they are inflamed and lie on your back for half an hour with your head thrown back.

Prepare a two-liter saucepan with water. Add a tablespoon of crushed eucalyptus leaves and the same amount of sage, thyme, pine or Birch buds. Place the pan on the fire, bring the folk remedy to a boil and cook for 5 minutes. Then place it on the table, cover your head with a towel or blanket and breathe over the steam for at least 20 minutes. After finishing the procedure, go to bed and cover your head with a blanket.

A honey-echinacea mixture for resorption is very useful. To prepare it, place a spoonful of honey with 20 drops of echinacea tincture in alcohol. The mixture should be dissolved after meals, one-third of the serving at a time.

Now, knowing how to quickly treat inflammation, you will be ready for any whims of your body.

How to treat inflammation of the lymph nodes during a cold?

There are many folk remedies, which have anti-inflammatory properties. These include not only various medicinal plants, but also minerals. Each of these remedies is suitable for treating inflammation of a specific organ.

For example, celandine is effective in treating inflammation of the cervical lymph nodes. You need to cut the stems of celandine, wash and dry them, then finely chop them and pour alcohol into them. Moisten a gauze bandage with the resulting tincture. Apply the compress to the inflamed area, covering the top with polyethylene and wrapping a scarf around your neck. This procedure should be performed at night until the inflammation subsides.

To quickly relieve inflammation, you need to follow a certain diet and daily routine. However, nothing particularly heavy is required in this case, rather the opposite. Sleep should not be neglected - even with a slight lack of sleep, the body’s immune system weakens and inflammatory processes are intensifying. And one a sleepless night can negate all your previous treatment.

If you have inflammation, you should also exclude from your menu some foods that contribute to the development of inflammatory processes. These are lamb and pork, beans, milk, wheat, eggs and yeast. But you should eat as much raw fruits and vegetables as possible. Pumpkin pulp is especially helpful. To boost your immunity you need to eat more products containing vitamin C.

It should be remembered that each person’s body has its own individual characteristics. Therefore, using this or that medicine from inflammation at home, try to foresee all the nuances, especially the possibility of allergies.

Inflammation can be treated if it is not too serious, but if the swelling does not go away for a long time, go to the hospital, otherwise the consequences may be very serious.

P. S.: Use our tips and recipes and you will forget about illnesses forever!

The body responds to harmful stimuli, which is achieved through increased movement of plasma and leukocytes (especially granulocytes) of the blood in damaged tissues. A series of biochemical events propagate and develop the inflammatory process, including local vascular system, the immune system and various cells within the damaged tissue. Long-term inflammation known as chronic inflammatory process, leads to a gradual change in the type of cells located at the site of inflammation and is characterized by simultaneous destruction and healing of tissue.

Causes of inflammation

• Chemical irritants
• Toxic substances
• Infections from pathogens
• Physical, blunt or penetrating injury
• Immune reactions to hypersensitivity
• Ionizing radiation
• Foreign bodies including debris, dirt and debris
• Alcohol

Types of inflammation

Comparison between acute and chronic inflammatory process:

A protein that passively circulates until activated by collagen, platelets, or exposed basement membranes through a conformational change. When activated, it is in turn capable of recruiting three plasma systems involved in the inflammatory process: the kinin system, the fibrinolytic system, and the coagulation system.

Membrane attack complex

System

complement

A complex of additional proteins C5b, C6, C7, C8 and several C9. The combination and activation of this series of additional proteins forms a membrane attack complex, which is capable of incorporating into bacterial cell walls and causing cell lysis followed by death.

System

fibrinolysis

Capable of breaking down fibrin clots, separating extra C3 protein and activating Factor XII.

Coagulating

system

Separates soluble plasma protein fibrinogen to produce insoluble fibrin, which aggregates into the form blood clot. Thrombin can also cause cells, through the PAR1 receptor (proteinase-activated receptor), to produce several other inflammatory responses, such as the production of chemokines and nitric oxide.

Cellular component

The cellular component includes white blood cells, which are normally found in the blood and must move into the inflamed tissue through extravasation to aid in the inflammatory process. Some act as phagocytes, engulfing bacteria, viruses and cell debris. Others secrete enzymatic granules that damage pathogens. Leukocytes also release inflammatory mediators that develop and maintain the inflammatory response. In general, acute inflammation is mediated by granulocytes, while chronic inflammation is mediated by mononuclear cells such as monocytes and lymphocytes.

A powerful vasodilator, relaxes smooth muscles, reduces platelet aggregation, helps with the recruitment of leukocytes, and controls antibacterial activity in high concentrations.

Prostaglandins

Eicosanoid

Mast cells

A group of fats that can cause vasodilation, fever and pain.

TNFα and interleukin 1

Cytokines

Primarily macrophages

Both influence a wide variety of cells to provoke many similar inflammatory responses: fever, cytokine production, endothelial gene regulation, chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion, fibroblast activation. Responsible for the general effects of inflammation such as loss of appetite, increased heart rate.

Morphological models

In specific situations that occur in the body, specific patterns of acute and chronic inflammatory processes are observed, for example, when inflammation occurs on the surface of the epithelium or pyogenic bacteria are involved.

• Granulomatous inflammation: Characterized by the formation of granulomas. They are the result of a limited but diverse range of diseases that include tuberculosis, leprosy, sarcoidosis and syphilis, among others.
• Fibrinous inflammation: Inflammation, leading to a significant increase in vascular permeability, allows fibrin to pass through blood vessels. If appropriate procoagulant stimuli are present, e.g. cancer cells, then the fibrous exudate is deposited. It often occurs in serous cavities, where fibrous exudate may transform into a scar between the serous membranes, limiting their function.
• Purulent inflammation: Inflammation resulting in large amounts of pus, which consists of neutrophils, dead cells and fluid. Infection with pyogenic bacteria, such as staphylococcus, is characteristic of this type of inflammation. Large, localized collections of pus surrounded by nearby tissue are called abscesses.
• Serous inflammation: It is characterized by a copious effusion of non-viscous serous fluid, usually produced by the mesothelial cells of the serous membranes, but can be excreted from the blood plasma. Bullous skin lesions provide an example of this pattern of inflammation.
• Ulcerative inflammation: Inflammation occurring near the epithelium can result in necrotic loss of tissue from the surface, compromising the underlying layers. The subsequent depression into the epithelium is known as an ulcer.

A wide variety of proteins are involved in inflammation and any of them is open to genetic mutation, which impairs or otherwise dysregulates the normal functioning and expression of this protein.

Examples of diseases associated with inflammation include:

• Acne vulgaris
• Asthma
• Celiac disease
• Chronic prostatitis
• Glomerulonephritis
• Hypersensitivity
• Inflammatory bowel diseases
• Inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs
• Reperfusion injury
• Sarcoidosis
• Graft rejection
• Vasculitis
• Interstitial cystitis

It has further been theorized that acute, localized inflammatory responses to muscle contraction during exercise are a necessary prerequisite for muscle growth. In response to muscle contractions, an acute inflammatory process initiates the breakdown and removal of damaged muscle tissue. Muscles can synthesize cytokines (Interleukin 1 beta, TNF alpha, Interleukin 6) in response to contractions that occur in skeletal muscle up to 5 days after exercise.

In particular, the increase in Interleukin 6 levels can reach up to 100 times. Depending on volume, intensity, and other training factors, increases in Interleukin 6 are initiated 4 hours after resistance training and remain elevated for up to 24 hours.

These acute increases cytokines, in response to muscle contractions, help initiate the process of muscle repair and growth by activating satellite cells within the inflamed muscle. Satellite cells are essential for the adaptation of skeletal muscle to exercise. They promote hypertrophy by providing new myonuclei and repairing damaged segments of mature muscle fibers for successful regeneration after muscle damage, as a result of injury or during exercise.

Rapid localization of the Interleukin 6 receptor and increased IL-6 expression occurs in satellite cells following contractions. IL-6 has been shown to mediate hypertrophied muscle growth, both in vivo and in vitro. Unaccustomed exercise can increase IL-6 sixfold 5 hours after exercise and threefold 8 days after exercise. In addition, NSAIDs may reduce the response of satellite cells to exercise, thereby reducing the synthesis of inducible proteins.

The increase in cytokines after resistance exercise coincides with a decrease in levels of myostatin, a protein that inhibits muscle differentiation and growth. The cytokine responds to resistance exercise and running followed by a longer lasting response.

Chronic inflammation anda loss muscle mass

Both chronic and extreme inflammation are associated with disruptions in the anabolic signals that initiate muscle growth. Chronic inflammation has been implicated as part of the cause of muscle loss that occurs with age. Increased level myostatin protein has been described in patients with diseases characterized by chronic nonspecific inflammation. Elevated levels of TNF-alpha may suppress the protein kinase B and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathways, a critical pathway for regulating skeletal muscle hypertrophy, thereby increasing muscle catabolism. Cytokines may counteract anabolic effects insulin-like growth factor 1. In the case of sepsis, extreme inflammation of the whole body, the synthesis of myofibrillar protein and sarcoplasmic protein is inhibited in fast-twitch muscles muscle fibers. Sepsis is also able to prevent leucine from stimulating muscle protein synthesis. In animals, mTOR loses its ability to be stimulated by muscle growth.

Exercise as a treatment for inflammation

Regular exercise reduces markers of inflammation, although the relationship is incomplete and appears to show different results depending on the intensity of exercise. For example, baseline measurements of circulating markers of inflammation did not show a significant difference between healthy trained and untrained adults. Long-term, consistent exercise can help reduce chronic non-specific inflammation. On the other hand, levels of inflammatory markers remained elevated during the recovery period after intense exercise in patients with inflammatory diseases. It is possible that low-intensity training may reduce the remaining pro-inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, Interleukin 6), while moderate training has moderate and less significant anti-inflammatory benefits. There is a strong connection between grueling exercise and chronic non-specific inflammation. A marathon can increase Interleukin 6 levels by 100 times and increase recruitment total number leukocytes and neutrophils. Thus, people engage in exercise as a means to treat other factors of chronic inflammation.

Signal/noise theory

Given that localized acute inflammation is a necessary component for muscle growth, and chronic nonspecific inflammation is associated with disruption of anabolic signals that initiate muscle growth, it has been proposed that a signal-to-noise model may best describe the relationship between inflammation and muscle growth. By keeping the "noise" of chronic inflammation to a minimum, a localized acute inflammatory response indicates a stronger anabolic response than more high level chronic inflammation.

Inflammation is a protective-adaptive reaction of the body formed in the process of evolution, aimed at localizing, destroying or removing from the body pathogenic agent and characterized by the phenomena of alteration, exudation and proliferation.

There are three things to note about this definition. First, inflammation as a reaction was formed in the process of evolution. Secondly, inflammation plays a protective-adaptive role and is aimed at localizing, destroying or removing a harmful factor from the body. Thirdly, inflammation is characterized by the coexistence of three manifestations: alteration (tissue damage), exudation (accumulation of fluid in tissues) and proliferation (proliferation of cellular and tissue elements).

Etiology of inflammation

The cause of inflammation can be a wide variety of damaging factors: mechanical, physical (burn, ionizing radiation), chemical (action of acids, alkalis, poisons), biological (microbes, viruses, pathogenic fungi, helminths, protozoa). In addition to various exogenous irritants, endogenous factors also participate in inflammation: for example, necrotic tissue, shed blood, hematoma, infarction, blood clots, salt deposition.

The pathological process, depending on the place of action of the damaging factor, is characterized by different manifestations.

Classification of forms of inflammatory reaction

Depending on which component predominates in the inflammatory reaction, inflammation is divided into: alterative (the main manifestation is tissue damage), exudative (there is a pronounced effusion in the inflammatory focus) and proliferative (cell proliferation processes come to the fore).

Exudative inflammation, in turn, is divided into the following types:

serous inflammation - with liquid exudate containing protein and not containing FEC.

fibrinous inflammation, when the exudate contains a significant amount of fibrin, which precipitates on the inflamed tissues in the form of threads and films. Varieties fibrinous inflammation is diphthyritic inflammation– when fibrin films are removed, a bleeding ulcer is discovered and lobar inflammation– films are easily separated.

purulent inflammation, in which the exudate contains a large white blood cell count, mostly dead.

hemorrhagic inflammation - inflammation with exudate containing red blood cells (blood in the exudate).

ichorous inflammation, when putrefactive microflora settles in the exudate.

According to the course, inflammation is divided into acute, subacute and chronic.

Cardinal signs of inflammation.

These signs were described by Galen and Celsus, but have not lost their significance to this day, since the presence of their totality makes it possible to diagnose inflammation, and in addition, behind each sign there are certain pathophysiological mechanisms.

The cardinal signs of inflammation include:

redness (rubor). Redness of the inflamed area is associated with the development of arterial hyperemia, in which the arteries dilate and their number increases, and the influx of oxygen-rich scarlet blood increases. However, it should be noted that with the development of powerful venous hyperemia, redness can turn into cyanosis.

swelling (tumor). An increase in the volume of the inflamed area is associated with the development of edema.

heat (calor). The increase in temperature of the inflamed area is due to a number of factors. Firstly, it is associated with arterial hyperemia, that is, with the influx of warmer blood. Secondly, among the biologically active polypeptides formed at the site of inflammation, there are also those that are pyrogenic factors (causing fever). Thirdly, the intensification of metabolic processes, the intensification of a number of exothermic reactions also leads to a local increase in temperature.

pain (dolor). Pain in the inflamed area is caused by irritation of pain receptors with biologically active substances, as well as as a result of their compression by inflammatory edema.

dysfunction (functionio laesa). If there is a source of painful irritation in any organ, then the body will spare this organ, and its function will be reduced. In addition, inflammatory edema, compression of the organ, and tissue alteration lead to a decrease in function.

General signs of inflammation

Inflammation is a process that manifests itself not only with pronounced local symptoms, but also with very characteristic and often significant changes throughout the body.

What are the signs general may indicate the development of inflammation?

Change in the number of leukocytes in the peripheralwhat blood: leukocytosis (develops in the vast majority of inflammatory processes) or much less frequently leukopenia (for example, with inflammation of viral origin). Leukocytosis is caused by activation of leukopoiesis and redistribution of leukocytes in the bloodstream. The main reasons for its development include stimulation of the sympathoadrenal system, exposure to certain bacterial toxins, tissue breakdown products, as well as a number of inflammatory mediators (for example, interleukin-I, monocytopoiesis induction factor, etc.).

Fever develops under the influence of pyrogenic factors coming from the source of inflammation, such as lipopolysaccharides, cationic proteins, interleukin-I.

Changes in the protein “profile” of the blood is expressed in the fact that during an acute process, the so-called “acute phase proteins” (APP) of inflammation synthesized by the liver - C-reactive protein, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, complement components, etc. - accumulate in the blood in the blood. The chronic course of inflammation is characterized by an increase in the content of alpha in the blood. and especially gamma globulins.

Changes in blood enzyme composition are expressed in an increase in the activity of transaminases (for example, alanine transaminase in hepatitis; aspartate transaminase in myocarditis), hyaluronidase, thrombokinase, etc.

Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) due to a decrease in the negative charge of erythrocytes, an increase in blood viscosity, agglomeration of erythrocytes, changes in the protein spectrum of the blood, and a rise in temperature.

Changes in hormone levels in the blood consist, as a rule, of increasing the concentration of catecholamines and corticosteroids.

Changes in the immune system and allergization of oralganizma are expressed in an increase in antibody titer, the appearance of sensitized lymphocytes in the blood, and the development of local and general allergic reactions.

In addition, the site of inflammation may be sourcepathological reflexes(for example, the development of angina pectoris with cholecystitis, cardiac arrhythmias with appendicitis), intoxication body and sepsis.

Mechanisms of inflammation development. Components of inflammation

The dynamics of the inflammatory process, regardless of the causes that cause it, are always quite standard, i.e. inflammation is essentially a “myopathogenetic” process.

The pathogenetic basis of inflammation consists of three interconnected components - alteration, exudation and proliferation .

Alteration

Alteration(from Latin alteratio - change). Alteration at the site of inflammation is understood as a complex of metabolic, physicochemical, structural and functional changes, as well as the formation and/or activation of inflammatory mediators. It is customary to distinguish primary and secondary alteration at the site of inflammation.

Primary alteration occurs in response to the direct influence of the phlogogenic factor. Primary alteration reactions seem to prolong the action of the cause of inflammation.

Secondary alteration occurs under the influence of both the phlogogenic stimulus and the factors of primary alteration. These effects are mediated by the nervous system, physicochemical factors (acidosis, etc.), and mainly by inflammatory mediators.

Exchange changes with the development of secondary alteration, they include intensification of the processes of breakdown of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, increased anaerobic glycolysis and tissue respiration, separation of biological oxidation and phosphorylation, and a decrease in the activity of anabolic processes. The consequences of these changes are an increase in heat production, the development of macroerg deficiency, the accumulation of metabolic products, and the formation of inflammatory mediators.

Complex of physicochemical changes includes acidosis, hyperionia (accumulation of K +, Cl -, HPO, Na + ions at the site of inflammation), dysionia. hyperosmia, hyperonkia (caused by an increase in protein concentration, its dispersity and hydrophilicity).

Structural and functional changes during inflammation are very diverse and can develop at the subcellular, cellular and organ levels.

The natural nature of the development of inflammation is largely determined by its mediators.

Inflammatory mediators are a complex of physiologically active substances that mediate the action of phlogogenic factors that determine the development and outcome of the inflammation process.

By origin Conventionally, a distinction is made between cellular and plasma (humoral) mediators.

Exudation

Exudation– (from Lat. exsudatio - sweating). This component includes the triad: a) vascular reactions and changes in blood circulation at the site of inflammation; b) the release of the liquid part of the blood from the vessels - exudation itself; c) emigration (from Latin emigratio - eviction) - the release of leukocytes to the site of inflammation and the development of a phagocytic reaction.

The dynamics of vascular reactions and changes in blood circulation during the development of inflammation are stereotypical: first, a short-term reflex spasm of arterioles and precapillaries occurs with a slowdown in blood flow. Then, replacing each other, arterial hyperemia develops (due to the dominance of cholinergic effects on the vessel wall, acidosis, hyperkalium ionia, destruction of connective tissue couplings around the vessels and, most importantly, the accumulation of inflammatory mediators); venous hyperemia (due to venous microthrombosis and lymphatic vessels, swelling of the endothelium, marginal standing of leukocytes, blood sludge, compression of blood vessels with exudate); prestasis (push-like blood flow, pendulum-like movement of blood) and, finally, stasis - cessation of blood flow. As a result of stasis, a kind of barrier is formed that ensures the restrictive function of the source of inflammation.

The release of the liquid part of the blood into the site of inflammation (exudation itself) occurs due to a sharp increase in the process of filtration, diffusion, osmosis and microvesicular transport, and the accumulation of excess fluid in the tissues is associated with a decrease in the resorption process due to an increase in venous pressure. Exudate as an inflammatory fluid, unlike transudate, contains a large amount of protein (at least 3 - 5%), enzymes, immunoglobulins, blood cells, and remnants of tissue elements. Thanks to exudation, the focus of inflammation is demarcated, toxins and tissue breakdown products are diluted, and protection from phlogogenic factors and damaged cells is provided with the help of enzymes and immunoglobulins.

The emigration of leukocytes to the site of inflammation begins with their marginal (parietal) standing, which can last several tens of minutes. Then granulocytes (through interendothelial clefts) and agranulocytes (through cytopemsis - transendothelial transfer) pass through the vascular wall and move towards the object of phagocytosis. The amoeboid movement of leukocytes is possible due to reversible changes in the state of their cytoplasm (intertransition of gel into sol - thixotropy) and surface tension of membranes, reversible “polymerization” of actin and myosin using the energy of ATP of anaerobic glycolysis. The directional movement of leukocytes is explained by the accumulation of chemoattractants - proteins, polypeptides, microbial waste products (chemotaxis) in the inflammation site, an increase in temperature (thermotaxis), as well as the development of conditions for galvanotaxis, hydrotaxis, thigmotaxis (from the Greek thigma - touch).

Phagocytosis is an evolutionarily developed protective-adaptive reaction of the body, consisting in recognition, active capture (absorption) and digestion of microorganisms, destroyed cells and foreign particles by specialized cells - phagocytes. These include PMNs (mainly neutrophils), cells of the phagocytic mononuclear cell system (monocytes, tissue macrophages), as well as Kupffer cells in the liver, mesangial cells of the kidneys, glial cells in the central nervous system, etc.

There are 4 stages of phagocytosis: 1) approach of the phagocyte to the object; 2) adhesion (attraction, adhesion); 3) capture of the phagocytosed object; 4) intracellular location and digestion of the object, as well as the removal of the remains of the object into the extracellular space. In the recognition process, opsonins play an important role, which are mediators in the receptor interaction of phagocytes with microorganisms. The main role in absorption belongs to contractile proteins that promote the formation of pseudopodia. In parallel with absorption, the formation of toxic microbes occurs in it. active forms ABOUT 2 - hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anion (the so-called respiratory explosion). The enzyme myeloperoxidase enhances their effect, and the phagocyte’s protection from them is provided by superoxide dismutase, catalase, and in hexose monophosphate shunt reactions.

Proliferation

Proliferation(from Latin proliferatio - reproduction). In the focus of inflammation, local tissue elements, mainly connective tissue (rarely epithelial), multiply and mature, followed by replacement of the damaged tissue area. The final stage of proliferation is secondary involution of the scar, when excess collagen structures are lysed, removed, and only the amount that is necessary for adequate completion of the inflammatory process remains. The course of proliferation is controlled by many factors:

fibroblasts synthesize procollagen and at the same time secrete collagenase, which breaks down collagen. There is an interaction between these processes based on the type of autoregulation. Disruption of this regulation can lead to the development of scleropathies;

fibroblasts form fibronectia, which determines the migration, proliferation and adhesion of connective tissue cells;

macrophages in the final stage of inflammation secrete a special factor stimulating fibroblasts, increasing their reproduction and adhesive properties;

blood mononuclear cells of animals and birds secrete lymphokines and monokines that inhibit fibroblast proliferation and collagen formation;

macrophages secrete group E prostaglandins, which can potentiate growth by increasing blood supply to regenerating tissue;

neutrophils are capable of producing tissue-specific inhibitors - keylons and anti-keylons - stimulators of proliferation, interacting in a feedback manner;

corticosteroids: glucocorticoids inhibit regeneration, reduce the sensitivity of macrophages to lymphokines and thereby inhibit collagen secretion; mineralocorticoids stimulate the regenerative process;

cyclic nucleotides: cAMP inhibits the mitotic activity of cells; cGMP, on the contrary, is a stimulator of proliferation.

Before we start talking about inflammation, let’s figure out what it is. Often different types inflammation in the body occurs due to damage to cells in our body. Often the disease is aimed at regeneration in the damaged area. As a rule, inflammation is characterized by symptoms such as redness, tumors or swelling, a sharp increase in body temperature, and pain. We propose to discuss in this article types and types of inflammation, their signs and causes.

Types of inflammation and their signs

Serous types of inflammation. It begins to appear due to any mechanical and chemical injuries, as well as frostbite. This type of inflammation often appears in the mucous membranes skin, a little sharper in internal organs person;

Hemorrhagic types of inflammation. It often appears in the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. Inflammation occurs when it occurs in human body influenza virus. It, in turn, contributes to the sweating of some vessels and the gradual accumulation of pathogenic bacteria;

Fibrinous species inflammation. It often occurs when exudate forms, which contains a large amount of fibrinogen. It, in turn, becomes fibrin in the affected tissue. This inflammation still needs to be treated initial stage, since it becomes the root cause of other diseases;

Purulent types of inflammation. With this type of inflammation, a significant predominance of neutrophils appears in the exudate. When they decay, they become pus or so-called purulent bodies. Lymphocytes, microorganisms and dead tissue cells also appear in the fluid that they form. Pus is obtained in the form of a cloudy and thick liquid, which has yellow, with shades of green. It should be noted that purulent inflammation can occur in any organ or tissue;

Catarrhal types of inflammation. With this inflammatory process, release occurs large quantity exudate, as well as swelling of the mucous membrane. The feeling of this inflammation can only be compared to a piece of hot pepper if you place it in oral cavity. Many characterize the signs of inflammation as the touch of the tongue to a heated iron;

Mixed types of inflammation. One of the most unpleasant inflammations. It consists of a complex including the types of inflammation described above. Moreover, signs of inflammation can correspond to several types of inflammatory processes at once. It should also be noted that inflammation can occur in any part of the body.

Types of inflammation, their signs and causes

There are types of inflammation such as acute inflammation and chronic inflammation.

Acute inflammation is the body’s reaction to unfavorable factors, irritants, damage to tissue areas, etc. Chronic inflammation is a more complex and long-lasting phenomenon. Let's take a deeper look at these processes.

Acute types of inflammation: its symptoms and causes

In order to neutralize various negative impacts, the body exhibits defensive reaction manifested as inflammation different types. The main source, or rather the place for infections to enter the body, are damaged areas of the skin. In order to destroy pathogens, the body sends leukocytes and plasma components to the affected area.

Signs of acute inflammation:

the number of migrating leukocytes to the site of inflammation increases;

hyperemia, that is, with an increase in the amount of blood flow to the capillaries, their walls expand;

since the permeability of capillaries increases, in connection with this there is a release of proteins and liquids from the vessels, thereby increasing osmotic pressure;

blood flow increases;

Therefore, when increased permeability capillary walls, various cells and fluids exit into the tissue. Depending on the stage of inflammation, the types of cells that take part in the process of neutralizing unfavorable agents alternate. So, initially neutrophils take the most part, but then monocytes and lymphocytes arrive.

The types of inflammation are interrelated with each other, since if the body is unable to free itself from infectious agents, acute inflammation develops into chronic inflammation.

Chronic types of inflammation: signs and causes

Chronic types of inflammation are a longer process, in which alteration, unlike acute inflammation, is less pronounced. A tissue reaction occurs, with the infiltration of mononuclear cells.

Causes of inflammation of the chronic form of the disease:

infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, sepsis, syphilis, etc. as causes of inflammation;

chronic intoxication, such as interstitial nephritis, and other interstitial lung diseases as causes of inflammation;

chronic diseases with immune pathogenesis as a cause of inflammation (Abramov-Fiedler myocarditis)

Causes of inflammation transformed from acute form diseases to chronic:

acute inflammation, which is systematically repeated;

initial chronicity (which is rare);

prolonged exposure to the causes of inflammation;

The main feature is that signs of inflammation vary in degree of activity.

Among gynecological diseases inflammatory diseases genitals in women are the most common pathologies. Approximately 60% of women seek advice from gynecologists precisely because of the development of inflammation.

In addition, gynecologists argue that in fact the number of cases may be even higher, since the inflammation sometimes has an erased form. Consequently, the woman does not go to the doctor. It is generally accepted that the increase in inflammation of the genital organs in women is associated, first of all, with a decrease, deterioration of the environmental situation, and changes in the sexual behavior of young people.

Causes of inflammatory diseases of the female genital organs

Almost always, the inflammatory process in the genital organs occurs under the influence of a number of various factors – thermal , chemical , mechanical . But the main factor that directly affects the development of inflammation is the influence of infections. Depending on which pathogen provokes the development of inflammatory diseases of the female genital organs, they are usually divided into nonspecific And specific . The latter include,.

Nonspecific inflammatory diseases provoke a wide variety of pathogens: chlamydia , candida mushrooms , ureaplasma , mycoplasma , Trichomonas , coli , klebsiella , corynebacteria (gardnerella ) and etc.

Opportunistic microorganisms also play a role in the occurrence of such diseases. Most often the transmission pathogenic agents occurs during sexual intercourse, more rarely occurs household way transfers. In order for inflammation of the female genital organs to be provoked by opportunistic microorganisms, certain conditions must be met. In particular, the vaginal microflora, which creates an acidic environment, prevents the entry and further activation of infection by opportunistic microorganisms.

In addition, the process of shedding the endometrial layer during menstruation is an obstacle to the spread of infection. Along with this layer, microorganisms are also rejected. And thanks to the plastic properties of the pelvic peritoneum, inflammation in a woman affects only the pelvic area.

A factor that protects against the risk of recurrent inflammation of the genital organs is also the use of certain oral contraceptives.

Distinguish active And passive spread of infection to the upper genital tract from the lower. The lymphogenous or hematogenous route is considered passive, as well as spread to the tubes and uterus, in abdominal cavity through cervical canal. Active spread of infection occurs with Trichomonas and sperm.

Factors that contribute to the spread of infection

In the genital tract of a woman, the infection spreads more actively under the influence of certain factors.

The intensive process is facilitated by various manipulations performed intrauterinely: curettage etc. With such procedures, an infection can enter the uterine cavity either from the vagina or from external environment. Through the fallopian tubes it gradually spreads to the fallopian tubes. Ascending infection very often appears immediately after menstruation, birth of a child, surgical interventions which were carried out on the pelvic and abdominal organs.

Its active spread is also facilitated by the presence of foci in a woman’s body. chronic infection, endocrine and metabolic disorders in the body, poor nutrition, frequent emotional overload, hypothermia, etc.

Types of inflammatory diseases of the female genital organs

Depending on which area of ​​the woman’s genital organs is affected by a nonspecific infection, the disease of the genital organs is determined. Subject to the development of inflammation of the vaginal mucosa, it manifests itself. This inflammation can be diffuse or focal, and can spread to the vulva and part of the cervix.

If the inflammation has affected the external genitalia, then we're talking about O vulvitis . This disease can develop in a woman as a consequence of trauma to the mucous membrane due to scratching, abrasions, etc. The injured surface becomes infected. Sometimes diagnosed secondary vulvitis , which is a consequence of inflammation of the internal genital organs.

Inflammation of the cervix is ​​called, and the large gland of the vestibule of the vagina is called.

If inflammation affects the inner lining of the cervical canal, then the patient is diagnosed with endocervicitis . – an inflammatory process in the inner lining of the uterus. Emergence acute endometritis mainly observed after difficult childbirth, abortion, curettage.

With inflammation of the uterine corpus, the patient develops salpingitis . The inflammatory process affecting the ovaries provokes the development oophoritis . Inflammation of the walls of the uterus is called myometritis , and the pelvic peritoneum - pelvioperitonitis .

Local therapy is carried out in the form of douching with acidic solutions in order to restore normal vaginal microflora. Also used for treatment, Trichomonas , representatives, candles.

Symptoms of inflammatory diseases of the female genital organs

Female inflammatory diseases are characterized by the absence of a clear clinical picture, since it is typical for them chronic course and periodic exacerbations.

Inflammation of the female genital organs is characterized by different symptoms, both local and general. With the inflammatory process of the female genital organs characteristic symptoms are edema , redness And itching mucous membrane of the vagina and vulva, painful sensations during sexual intercourse, periodic pain in the lower back, changes in the nature of vaginal discharge. There may be disruptions in the menstrual cycle and difficulty urinating.

In the acute course of the inflammatory disease, a pronounced general reaction body: body temperature increases, chills are observed. A blood test determines changes in the blood picture. The woman notes intense leucorrhoea and pain in the lower abdomen. If the process occurs in a chronic form over a long period, lesions of the reproductive system become less pronounced, but there are signs of changes in other systems and organs.

Consequences of inflammatory diseases of the female genital organs

As such diseases progress, a woman experiences changes in the state of her reproductive system, as well as a general deterioration in the patient’s health. There are often disturbances in metabolic processes, changes in the vegetative-vascular nature, and shifts in the functioning of the endocrine system.

In addition, inflammatory diseases of the female genital organs provoke the formation anatomical changes. A woman who has had inflammation of the genital organs may develop adhesions or develop obstruction fallopian tubes . Blood flow in the tissues of the genital organs noticeably deteriorates, and the egg also matures with disturbances. Inflammatory diseases in gynecology sometimes lead to the formation of hemodynamic and trophic changes in the organs and tissues of the pelvis. The process may be disrupted in a woman ovulation , as well as transportation of the egg in case of obstruction of the tubes.

Due to inflammation of the genital organs, a woman also develops disorders menstrual function, an ectopic pregnancy may develop. Sometimes changes in the uterus and appendages occur. Such serious pathologies in some cases provoke infertility. Therefore, inflammatory diseases in gynecology occupy a major place in the list of causes of infertility.

Most often, such an inflammatory process causes disorders of sexual, as well as menstrual and generative function in women.

If the diagnosis is not established correctly and in a timely manner, the process may worsen and ultimately be difficult to treat. That is why a woman must be aware that the earliest possible diagnosis and A complex approach to treatment are a very important measure to prevent infertility in the future.