Broad-spectrum antibiotics: bacteria don’t stand a chance! List and description of drugs. List of new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics: what diseases are treated with them

Chapter 7. Antimicrobials

Containment or cessation of microbial growth is achieved various methods(sets of measures): antiseptics, sterilization, disinfection, chemotherapy. Accordingly, the chemicals that are used to implement these measures are called sterilizing agents, disinfectants, antiseptics and antimicrobial chemotherapy. Antimicrobial chemicals are divided into two groups: 1) non-selective- destructive to most microbes (antiseptics and disinfectants), but at the same time toxic to the cells of the macroorganism, and (2) I haveselective actions(chemotherapeutic agents)..

7.1. Chemotherapy drugs

Chemotherapeutic antimicrobialsmedicines- This chemicals that are used to treat infectious diseases etiotropic

treatment (i.e., directed at the microbe as the cause of the disease), as well as (rarely and sharplyhorny!) to prevent infections.

Chemotherapy drugs are administered inside the body, so they must have a detrimental effect on infectious agents, but at the same time be non-toxic to humans and animals, i.e. have selectivity of action.

Currently, thousands of chemical compounds with antimicrobial activity are known, but only a few dozen of them are used as chemotherapeutic agents.

Based on which microbes chemotherapy drugs act on, they determine range their activities:

acting on cellular forms of microorganisms (antibacterial, antifungalhigh, antiprotozoal).Antibacterial, in turn, are usually divided into drugs narrow And wide action spectrum: narrow- when the drug is active against only a small number of varieties of either gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria, and wide - if the drug acts on a sufficiently large number of species of representatives of both groups.

antiviral chemotherapy drugs.

In addition, there are some antimicrobial chemotherapeutic drugs that also have againsttumoral activity.

By type of action chemotherapy drugs are distinguished:

"Microbicidal"(bactericidal, fungicidal, etc.), i.e., having a detrimental effect on microbes due to irreversible damage;

"Microbostatic" i.e., inhibiting the growth and reproduction of microbes.

Antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents include the following groups of drugs:

Antibiotics(act only on cellular forms of microorganisms; antitumor antibiotics are also known).

Synthetic chemotherapy drugs of different chemical structures (among them there are drugs that act either on cellular microorganisms or on non-cellular forms of microbes).

7.1.1. Antibiotics

The fact that some microbes can somehow inhibit the growth of others has been well known for a long time. Back in 1871-1872. Russian scientists V. A Manassein and A. G. Polotebnov observed the effect when treating infected wounds by applying mold. Observations by L. Pasteur (1887) confirmed that antagonism in the microbial world is a common phenomenon, but its nature was unclear. In 1928-1929 Fleming discovered a strain of the mold fungus penicillium (Penicillium notatum), releasing a chemical that inhibits the growth of staphylococcus. The substance was named "penicillin", but only in 1940 were H. Flory and E. Chain able to obtain a stable preparation of purified penicillin - the first antibiotic to be found wide application in the clinic. In 1945, A. Fleming, H. Florey and E. Chain were awarded Nobel Prize. In our country, a great contribution to the doctrine of antibiotics was made by Z. V. Ermolyeva and G. F. Gause.

The term “antibiotic” itself (from the Greek. anti, bios- against life) was proposed by S. Waksman in 1942 to designate natural substances, produced microorganisms and in low concentrations antagonistic to the growth of other bacteria.

Antibiotics- these are chemotherapeutic drugs made from chemical compounds of biological origin (natural), as well as their semi-synthetic derivatives and synthetic analogues, which in low concentrations have a selective damaging or destructive effect on microorganisms and tumors.

7.1.1.1. Sources and methods of obtaining antibiotics

The main producers of natural antibiotics are microorganisms that, being in their natural environment (mainly in the soil), synthesize antibiotics as a means of survival in the struggle for existence. Animal and plant cells can also produce some substances with a selective antimicrobial effect (for example, phytoncides), but they have not received widespread use in medicine as antibiotic producers

Thus, the main sources for obtaining natural and semi-synthetic antibiotics were:

Actinomycetes(especially streptomycetes) are branching bacteria. They synthesize the majority of natural antibiotics (80%).

Molds- synthesize natural beta-lactams (fungi of the genus Cephalosporiurr, And Penicillium) n fusidic acid.

Typical bacteria- for example, eubacteria, bacilli, pseudomonads - produce bacitracin, polymyxins and other substances that have an antibacterial effect.

There are three main ways to obtain antibiotics:

biological synthesis (this is how natural antibiotics are obtained - natural fermentation products, when producing microbes that secrete antibiotics during their life processes are cultivated under optimal conditions);

biosynthesis with subsequent chemical modifications(this is how semi-synthetic antibiotics are created). First, it is obtained through biosynthesis natural antibiotic, and then its original molecule is modified by chemical modifications, for example, certain radicals are added, as a result of which the antimicrobial and pharmacological characteristics of the drug are improved;

chemical synthesis (this is how synthetic products are obtained analogues natural antibiotics, for example chloramphenicol/chloramphenicol). These are substances that have the same structure.

like a natural antibiotic, but their molecules are chemically synthesized.

7.1.1.2. Classification of antibiotics by chemical structure

Based on their chemical structure, antibiotics are grouped into families (classes):

beta-lactams(penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams)

glycopeptides

* aminoglycosides

tetracyclines

macrolides (and azalides)

lincosamides

chloramphenicol (chloramphenicol)

rifamycins

polypeptides

polyenes

different antibiotics(fusidic acid, ruzafungin, etc.)

Beta-lactams. The basis of the molecule is a beta-lactam ring, when destroyed, drugs lose their activity; type of action - bactericidal. Antibiotics in this group are divided into penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and monobactams.

Penicillins. Natural drug - benzylpene-nicillin(penicillin G) - is active against gram-positive bacteria, but has many disadvantages: it is quickly eliminated from the body, destroyed in acidic environment stomach, is inactivated by penicillinases - bacterial enzymes that destroy the beta-lactam ring. Semi-synthetic penicillins, obtained by adding various radicals to the base of natural penicillin - 6-aminopenicillanic acid, have advantages over natural preparation, including a wide range of actions:

depot preparations(bicillin), lasts about 4 weeks (creates a depot in the muscles), is used to treat syphilis, prevent relapses of rheumatism;

acid-resistant(phenoxymethylpenicillin), oral administration;

penicillinase-resistant(methicillin, oxacyl-pl), but they have a rather narrow spectrum;

wide range (ampicillin, amoxicillin);

antipseudomonas(carboxypenicillins- carbe-nicillin, ureidopenicillins- piperacillin, azlo-cillin);

combined(amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, ampicillin + sulbactam). These drugs contain inhibitors enzymes - beta-lactamases(clavulanic acid, etc.), which also contain a beta-lactam ring in their molecule; their antimicrobial activity is very low, but they easily bind to these enzymes, inhibit them and thus protect the antibiotic molecule from destruction.

V Cephalosporins. The spectrum of action is wide, but they are more active against gram-negative bacteria. According to the sequence of introduction, 4 generations (generations) of drugs are distinguished, which differ in the spectra of activity, resistance to beta-lactamases and some pharmacological properties, therefore drugs of the same generation Not replace drugs of another generation, but complement them.

1st generation(cefazolin, cephalothin, etc.)- more active against gram-positive bacteria, destroyed by beta-lactamases;

2nd generation(cefuroxime, cefaclor, etc.)- more active against gram-negative bacteria, more resistant to beta-lactamases;

3rd generation(cefotaxime, ceftazidime, etc.) - more active against gram-negative bacteria, highly resistant to beta-lactamases;

4th generation(cefepime, etc.)- act mainly on gram-positive, some gram-negative bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, resistant to the action of beta-lactamases.

Carbapenems(imipenem, etc.)- of all beta-lactams they have the widest spectrum of action and are resistant to beta-lactamases.

Monobactams(aztreonam, etc.) - resistant to beta-lactamases. The spectrum of action is narrow (very active against gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa).

GLYCOPEPTIDES(vancomycin and teicoplanin) - These are large molecules that have difficulty passing through the pores of gram-negative bacteria. As a result, the spectrum of action is limited to gram-positive bacteria. They are used for resistance or allergy to beta-lactams, for pseudomembranous colitis caused by Clostridium difficile.

AMINOGLICOSIDES- compounds whose molecules include amino sugars. The first drug, streptomycin, was obtained in 1943 by Vaksman as a treatment for tuberculosis.

Now there are several generations of drugs: (1) streptomycin, kanamycin, etc., (2) gentamicin,(3) sisomycin, tobramycin, etc. The drugs are bactericidal, the spectrum of action is wide (especially active against gram-negative bacteria, they act on some protozoa).

TETRACYCLINES is a family of large molecular drugs containing four cyclic compounds. Currently, semi-synthetics are mainly used, for example doxycycline. Action type - static. The spectrum of action is wide (especially often used to treat infections caused by intracellular microbes: rickettsia, chlamydia, mycoplasma, brucella, legionella).

MACROLIDES(and azalides) are a family of large macrocyclic molecules. Erythromycin- the most famous and widely used antibiotic. Newer drugs: azithromycin, clarithromycinmycin(they can be used only 1-2 times a day). The spectrum of action is wide, including intracellular microorganisms, legionella, hemophilus influenzae. The type of action is static (although, depending on the type of microbe, it can also be cidal).

LINCOSAMIDES(lincomycin and its chlorinated derivative - clindamycin). Bacteriostatics. Their spectrum of action is similar to macrolides; clindamycin is especially active against anaerobes.

POLYPEPTIDES(polymyxins). The spectrum of antimicrobial action is narrow (Gram-negative bacteria), the type of action is bactericidal. Very toxic. Application - external; currently not in use.

POLYENES(amphotericin B, nystatin and etc.). Antifungal drugs, the toxicity of which is quite high, are therefore often used topically (nystatin), and for systemic mycoses, the drug of choice is amphotericin B.

7.1.2. Synthetic antimicrobial chemotherapy drugs

Using chemical synthesis methods, many substances have been created that are not found in living nature, but are similar to antibiotics in mechanism, type and spectrum of action. In 1908, P. Ehrlich synthesized salvarsan, a drug for the treatment of syphilis, based on organic arsenic compounds. However, the scientist’s further attempts to create similar drugs - “magic bullets” - against other bacteria were unsuccessful. In 1935, Gerhardt Domagk proposed pron-tosil (“red streptocide”) for the treatment of bacterial infections. The active principle of Prontosil was sulfonamide, which was released when Prontosil decomposed in the body.

To date, many varieties of antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal synthetic chemotherapeutic drugs of various types have been created. chemical structure. The most significant groups include: sulfonamides, nitroimidazoles, quinolones and fluoroquinolones, imidazoles, nitrofurans, etc.

A special group consists of antiviral drugs (see section 7.6).

SULPHANAMIDES. The basis of the molecule of these drugs is the para-amino group, therefore they act as analogues and competitive antagonists of para-aminobenzoic acid, which is necessary for bacteria to synthesize vital folic (tetrahydrofolic) acid - a precursor of purine and pyrimidine bases. Bacteriostatics, the spectrum of action is wide. The role of sulfonamides in the treatment of infections has recently declined, as there are many resistant strains that cause serious side effects and the activity of sulfonamides is generally lower than that of antibiotics. The only drug in this group that continues to be widely used in clinical practice, is a co-trimoxazole analogue. Co-trimoxazole (bactrim, 6ucenmol)- a combination drug that consists of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. Both components act synergistically, potentiating each other's action. Acts bactericidal. Trimethoprim blocks-

Table 7.1. Classification of antimicrobial chemotherapy drugs by mechanism of action

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

Beta-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams)

Glycopeptides

Synthesis inhibitors

Aminodicosides

Tetracyclines

Chloramphenicol

Lincosamides

Macrolides

Fusidic acid

Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

Inhibitors of nucleic acid precursor synthesis

Sulfonamides

Trimethoprim DNA replication inhibitors

Quinolones

Nitroimidazoles

Nitrofurans RNA polymerase inhibitors

Rifamycins

Function inhibitors

cell membranes

Polymyxins

• Imidazoles

synthesizes folic acid, but at the level of another enzyme. Used for urinary tract infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.

QUINOLONES. The first drug of this class is nalidixic acid (1962). She has limited

The spectrum of action, resistance to it quickly develops, is used in the treatment of urinary tract infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. Nowadays, so-called fluoroquinolones are used, i.e., fundamentally new fluorinated compounds. Advantages of fluoroquinolones - different ways administration, bactericidal

action, good tolerability, high activity at the injection site, good permeability through the histohematic barrier, sufficient low risk development of resistance. In fluoroquinolones (qi-profloxacin, norfloxacin etc.) the spectrum is wide, the type of action is cidial. Used for infections caused by gram-negative bacteria (including Pseudomonas aeruginosa), intracellular

They are especially active against anaerobic bacteria, since only these microbes are able to activate metronidazole through reduction. Action type -

cidal, spectrum - anaerobic bacteria and protozoa (Trichomonas, Giardia, dysenteric amoeba). IMIDAZOLES (clotrimazole and etc.). Antifungal drugs act at the level of the cytoplasmic membrane. NITROFURANS (furazolidone and etc.). Action type

twiya - cidal, spectrum - wide. Are accumulating

in urine in high concentrations. They are used as uroseptics for the treatment of urinary tract infections.

You can find many different medications on the shelves of pharmacies, but the invention of antibiotics can be considered a real revolution in pharmacology. Such medicines save many lives every day, thanks to which mortality from various bacterial diseases has decreased significantly today. There are many antibiotics that differ in their spectrum of action, but in general all such drugs can be divided into two types - broad-spectrum and narrow-spectrum medications. So let's talk about broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs in more detail.

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Let's try to name those antibiotic drugs that have a wide spectrum of action, and try to understand a little about the specifics of their use. So they include drugs from the penicillin group, namely Amoxicillin, Ampicillin and Ticarcycline. If we talk about tetracyclines, then Tetracycline has similar properties, and among aminoglycosides – Streptomycin. Fluoroquinolones are also characterized by a wide spectrum of action, including Levofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, and Moxifloxacin. In addition, among these drugs are amphenicols - Chloramphenicol (also known as Levomycetin), and carbapenems - Ertapenem, Meropenem and Imipenem.

Let's look at some of the listed compounds in a little more detail.

Penicillins

It was the antibiotics from this group that were the very first to be invented; Amoxicillin and Ampicillin occupy a place of honor among drugs of this type. They effectively cope with a number of gram-positive bacteria - staphylococci and streptococci, as well as enterococci and listeria, in addition, they are active against gram-negative bacteria - the causative agent of gonorrhea, coli, Shigella, Salmonella, Haemophilus influenzae and whooping cough pathogen. Ampicillin should be taken quite often - four times a day in an amount of 250-500 mg; it is also administered parenterally - 250-1000 mg at intervals of four to six hours. Amoxicillin is often used in the treatment of children; it is the drug of choice for uncomplicated types of bacterial bronchitis or pneumonia. Also this remedy prescribed for sore throats, infectious lesions of the urinary or genital tract and for correction infectious lesions skin. Amcocillin is available in tablets; to achieve a therapeutic effect, it is taken 250-1000 mg twice a day for five to ten days.

Amphenicols

Another well-known antibiotic is Levomycetin. It is commonly used to combat staphylococci and streptococci; in addition, it effectively eliminates the causative agents of gonorrhea, Escherichia coli or Hemophilus influenzae, and also copes with Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Proteus and Rickettsia. Experts say that such a medicine can be used to combat spirochetes, as well as some large viruses.

Levomycetin is most often used in the treatment typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, dysentery and brucellosis, whooping cough and typhus, as well as a variety of intestinal infections. In addition, the drug is available in the form of an ointment, which helps to cope with purulent skin lesions, trophic ulcers etc.

Fluoroquinolones

Treatment with antibacterial drugs

Broad-spectrum antibiotics can rightly be called universal antibacterial agent. Regardless of which pathogen caused the development of the disease, such compositions will have a bactericidal effect and cope with it high level. Medicines of this type are used in different cases. So their use may be advisable if the doctor selects therapy empirically, focusing on symptoms. In this case, the microbe that caused the disease remains unknown. This treatment makes sense if we're talking about about common ailments, as well as when the diseases are extremely dangerous and fleeting. For example, with the development of meningitis, death can occur extremely quickly in the absence of antibiotic therapy. early stage diseases.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics can also be used if the causative agent of the disease exhibits resistance to specific drugs. Also, similar medications are used in the treatment of so-called superinfections, the development of which was provoked by several types of bacteria at once. Broad-spectrum medications are also commonly used in the prevention of infectious lesions after surgical interventions.

Thus, broad-spectrum antibiotics are truly universal medicines in the treatment of bacterial diseases. It should be borne in mind that their use is possible only after consultation with a doctor; self-medication can cause enormous harm to health.

All candles are united by their mechanism of action. They consist of an active substance and a fatty base (paraffins, gelatins or glycerols).

At room temperature, candles are typically solid. state of aggregation. However, already at a temperature human body(at 36ºС) the material from which the candle consists begins to melt.

Some suppositories act exclusively locally, on the mucous membranes. However, since the superficial tissues of the vagina and rectum are saturated with small blood vessels, then part of the active substances enters the bloodstream and circulates in the pelvic area, while exerting its therapeutic effect.

Absorption into the blood occurs very quickly - approximately half of the active component of the suppository enters the blood within half an hour, and the entire substance becomes biologically available within an hour.

In this case, the active components affect the general blood flow to a very small extent and almost do not reach the liver and kidneys.
.

Another advantage of candles over dosage forms taken orally, is that suppositories do not cause allergic reactions characteristic of the gastrointestinal tract.

Gynecological suppositories may have different types actions. The most commonly used candles have the following effects:

• directed against infection
• anti-inflammatory,
• tissue repair,
• restoring vaginal microflora,
• anesthetic.

There are not many drugs that have only one type of action. Usually candles have complex action, that is, for example, they can simultaneously influence disease pathogens and relieve inflammation.

Some anti-inflammatory suppositories contain vitamins necessary for tissue functioning, substances that stimulate local immunity, etc.

The components contained in suppositories can be either synthetic or natural substances. Main infectious agents that cause gynecological diseases are viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa.

Therefore, suppositories may include antiviral components, antifungal agents, antibiotics and antiseptics.

Antibacterial components of candles

They act as various substances, killing bacteria and preventing their reproduction. Antibiotic suppositories used in gynecology usually contain drugs such as chlorhexidine, metronidazole, cotrixomazole, penicillins, macrolides, and iodine.

It is important to remember that any type of antibiotic has its own indications and contraindications, and improper use of antibacterial drugs, as well as exceeding the dosage, can lead to allergic reactions, as well as inhibition of the normal vaginal microflora, which performs protective functions.

Antifungal components

This type of substance is active only against pathogenic fungi. Typically, vaginal suppositories are equipped with these components.

Most Popular antifungal drugs– fluconazole, clotrimazole, pimafucin. As a rule, the course of treatment for fungal diseases of the genital organs takes longer than antibiotic therapy.

Anti-inflammatory components

Anti-inflammatory suppositories are often used in the treatment of diseases. In gynecology, there are many drugs with a similar effect. They are used for what is popularly called “feminine inflammation.”

The main type of substances used in the treatment of gynecological inflammation are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Their purpose is to eliminate signs of inflammation - pain and swelling.

From a biochemical point of view, the mechanism of anti-inflammatory drugs is based on blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins. These may be components such as diclofenac, ichthyol or indomethacin.

In some cases, the doctor may also prescribe suppositories with steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as prednisolone.

Herbal Ingredients

Natural components are also often used in rectal and vaginal anti-inflammatory suppositories. Herbal candles may include extracts of chamomile, sage, belladonna, calendula, coniferous trees, cocoa butter, eucalyptus.

Candles containing sea buckthorn oil have gained great popularity. These suppositories can be used in childhood and old age, during pregnancy and lactation.

Types of diseases and their treatment

This section of the site contains information about drugs from the group - G01 Antiseptics and antimicrobials for treatment gynecological diseases. Every medicinal product described in detail by specialists of the EUROLAB portal.

Anatomical-therapeutic-chemical classification is an international system for classifying drugs. Latin name- Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical.

Based on this system, all drugs are divided into groups according to their main therapeutic use. The ATX classification has an understandable hierarchical structure, which makes searching easier necessary medications certain drugs.

Each medicine has its own pharmachologic effect. Correct definition the necessary medications is the main step for successful treatment diseases.

In order to avoid undesirable consequences Before using any medications, consult your doctor and read the instructions for use. Please pay Special attention for interactions with other medications, as well as for conditions of use during pregnancy.

These agents can block the spread of pathogenic agents or have a detrimental effect on them. But in order for the fight against them to be successful, it is necessary to establish exactly which ones. In some cases, it is impossible to determine the diagnosis and the best solution is broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs.

Features of the fight against pathogens

It is important to consider that many antimicrobial drugs have a powerful effect not only on foreign agents, but also on the patient’s body. So, they have a detrimental effect on the microflora gastric section and some other organs. To cause minimal damage, it is important to begin treatment immediately, as microorganisms spread at a rapid rate. If you miss this moment, the fight against them will be longer and more exhausting.

In addition, if antimicrobial drugs are necessary for treatment, they should be prescribed in maximum quantity so that microorganisms do not have time to adapt. The prescribed course cannot be interrupted, even if improvements are noticed.

It is also recommended to use different antimicrobial drugs in treatment, rather than just one type. This is necessary so that after the completed therapy there are no foreign agents left that have adapted to a particular drug.

In addition to this, be sure to take a course that will strengthen the body. Because many drugs can cause serious allergic reactions, they should be taken only as directed by your doctor.

Sulfa drugs

We can say that they are divided into three types - these are nitrofurans, antibiotics and sulfonamides. Last resorts have their destructive effect by preventing microbes from receiving folic acid and other components that are important for their reproduction and life. But premature termination of the treatment course or a small amount of the drug gives the microorganisms the opportunity to adapt to new conditions. In the future, sulfonamides are no longer able to fight.

This group includes well-absorbed drugs: Norsulfazol, Streptotsid, Sulfadimezin, Etazol. Also worth noting are medications that are difficult to absorb: Sulgin, Phthalazol and others.

If necessary, for best result your doctor may recommend combining these two types sulfa drugs. It is also possible to combine them with antibiotics. Some antimicrobial drugs are described below.

"Streptocide"

Mostly this drug prescribed for the treatment of sore throat, cystitis, pyelitis, erysipelas. In some cases, the medicine may cause side effects such as headache, severe nausea accompanied by vomiting, some complications from the nervous, hematopoietic or cardiovascular systems. But medicine does not stand still, and similar drugs are used in practice, but they have fewer adverse reactions. Such drugs include "Etazol" and "Sulfadimezin".

"Streptocide" can also be applied topically to burns, festering wounds, and skin ulcers. In addition, you can inhale the powder through your nose if you have an acute runny nose.

"Norsulfazole"

This drug is effective for cerebral meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis, gonorrhea, etc. This antimicrobial agent It leaves the body quickly, but it is necessary to drink a large amount of water per day.

"Inhalipt"

Good antimicrobial drugs for the throat, which are prescribed for laryngitis, ulcerative stomatitis, pharyngitis, are those that contain streptocide and norsulfazole. Such means include "Inhalipt". Among other things, it contains thymol, alcohol, mint and Eucalyptus oil. It is an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent.

"Furacilin"

This is an antibacterial liquid known to many, which has a detrimental effect on various microbes. The medicine can be used externally, treating wounds, rinsing nasal and ear canals, as well as internally for bacterial dysentery. Some antibacterial and antimicrobial drugs are produced on the basis of Furacilin.

"Fthalazol"

This slowly absorbed drug can be combined with antibiotics. It is also combined with Etazol, Sulfadimezin and other drugs. He is actively working, oppressing intestinal infections. Effective for dysentery, gastroenteritis, colitis.

Nitrofuran

In medicine there are many drugs that are derivatives of Nitrofuran. Such remedies have a broad effect. For example, "Furagin" and "Furadonin" are often prescribed for cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis and others infectious diseases genitourinary system.

"Penicillin"

The drug is an antibiotic that has a detrimental effect on young microbes. In the fight against influenza, smallpox and others viral diseases it is ineffective. But for pneumonia, peritonitis, abscess, sepsis, meningitis, Penicillin is a good help. Various drugs are obtained from it that are superior to it in action, for example, “Benzylpenicillin”. These medications are low-toxic and cause virtually no complications. That is why it is believed that these are strong antimicrobial drugs for children.

But it is still worth considering that low-quality medicine can cause severe allergies. It can also suppress natural intestinal microflora in the elderly and newborns. Weak people or childhood Vitamins C and B are prescribed simultaneously with Penicillin.

"Levomycetin"

Strains resistant to Penicillin are inhibited by Levomycetin. It has no effect on protozoa, acid-fast bacteria, anaerobes. For psoriasis and skin diseases, this drug is contraindicated. It is also forbidden to take it if hematopoiesis is suppressed.

"Streptomycin"

This antibiotic has several derivatives that help in different situations. For example, some can treat pneumonia, others are effective against peritonitis, and still others cope with infections of the genitourinary system. Note that the use of “Streptomycin” and its derivatives is permissible only after a doctor’s prescription, since an overdose does not exclude such a serious complication as hearing loss.

"Tetracycline"

This antibiotic is able to cope with many bacteria that cannot be treated with other drugs. Side effects may occur. "Tetracycline" can be combined with "Penicillin" in case of severe septic condition. There is also an ointment that copes with skin diseases.

"Erythromycin"

This antibiotic is considered a “backup option”, which is resorted to if other antimicrobial agents have not coped with their task. It successfully defeats diseases caused by the action of resistant strains of staphylococci. There is also erythromycin ointment, which helps with bedsores, burns, purulent or infected wounds, trophic ulcers.

The main broad-spectrum antimicrobials are listed below:

• "Tetracycline".
• "Levomycetin".
• "Ampicillin."
• "Rifampicin".
• "Neomycin".
• "Monomycin".
• "Rifamcin."
• "Imipenem."
• "Cephalosporins".

Gynecology and antibacterial treatment

If in any other area a disease can be attacked with broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs, then in gynecology it is necessary to strike with a well-selected, narrowly targeted agent. Depending on the microflora, not only medications are prescribed, but also their dosage and course duration.

Most often, antimicrobial drugs in gynecology are used externally. These can be suppositories, ointments, capsules. In some cases, if necessary, treatment is supplemented with broad-spectrum drugs. These may include "Terzhinan", "Poliginax" and others. Faster results can be achieved if you take two or three drugs at the same time. In any case, preliminary consultation with a doctor is important.

And antibacterial drugs are classified into narrow-spectrum drugs (they destroy only one type of bacteria) and broad-spectrum drugs (effective against most microorganisms at the same time).

Their mechanism of action is to block vital important functions causative agent of the disease. At the same time, the new generation of broad-spectrum antibiotics are designed in such a way as not to have a similar effect on the cells of the affected organ.

This selectivity of exposure is due to the fact that bacteria form cell walls, the structure of which differs from human ones. The active components of the drug contribute to the disruption of the integrity of bacterial cell walls without affecting cell membranes patient's organs.

Unlike drugs from the antiseptic group, an antibiotic has the proper therapeutic effect not only after external application, but also acts systemically after oral, intravenous, intramuscular use.

New generation antibiotics are capable of:

• Affect the synthesis of cell walls by disrupting the production of vital peptide complexes.
• Impair the functioning and integrity of the cell membrane.
• Disturb the synthesis of protein necessary for the growth and functioning of the pathogenic pathogen.
• Suppress nucleic acid synthesis.

Based on the nature of their effect on bacterial cells, antibiotics are divided into:

• Bactericidal - the pathogen will die and will then be eliminated from the body.
• Bacteriostatic – active ingredient does not kill bacteria, but disrupts their ability to reproduce.

It is important to determine how active active substance medications against a particular pathogen pathological process. To do this you need to go through a series laboratory research prescribed by a doctor.

Features of the action of drugs

The advantages of broad-spectrum antibiotics are due to their ability to destroy most pathogenic pathogens.

Medicines in this group include tetracycline and cephalosporin drugs, aminopenicillins, aminoglycosides, as well as drugs from the group of macrolides and carbapenems.

New generations of drugs are less toxic and the risk of developing unwanted side effects is much lower.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are distinguished by their ability to effectively combat complicated colds, inflammatory processes affecting the area of ​​ENT organs, lymph nodes, genitourinary system, skin etc.

List of new generation antibiotics with a wide spectrum of action

If we consider new generation antibiotics, the list looks like this:

When third and fourth generation cephalosporins are ineffective, as in the case of infectious diseases caused by exposure to anaerobes and enterobacteria, patients are advised to take carbopenems: Ertpenem and Meropenem (these are a kind of reserve drugs).

Use of penicillins It is advisable for infections of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory and genitourinary systems, and skin. Only the third generation has a wide spectrum of activity, which includes: "Ampicillin", "Amoxicillin", "Ampioks" and "Bacampicillin".

The described drugs are not intended for self-medication. If you detect the first signs of the disease, you should consult a doctor for advice and select a suitable, integrated scheme therapy.

Narrowly targeted strong antibiotics

Narrow-spectrum antibiotics are active against a few types of bacteria.

These medications include the following groups:

• Macrolides based on erythromycin, triacetyoleandomycin, oleandomycin.
• Cephalosporins based on cefazolin, cephalexin, cephaloridine.
• Penicillins.
• Streptomycins.
• Reserve antibacterial drugs that act on gram-positive pathogens that are resistant to penicillins. In this case, the doctor may recommend the use of semi-synthetic penicillins: ampicillin, carbenicillin, dicloxacillin.
• Various other drugs based on rifampicin, lincomycin, fusidine.

Broad-spectrum drugs for bronchitis

For bronchitis, a new generation of antibiotics is used, since laboratory tests can take several days, and treatment is recommended to begin as soon as possible.

During complex therapy the following may be prescribed:

There's no such thing as best antibiotic , since each product has its own extensive list pharmacological properties, indications and contraindications, possible adverse reactions and recommendations for use, as well as drug interactions.

Selection antibacterial drug carried out only by a qualified, experienced specialist who will take into account the nature of the origin of the disease, individual characteristics the patient's body, his age, weight, accompanying illnesses. Read more about treating bronchitis with antibiotics.

Treatment of pneumonia

When treating pneumonia, new generation antibiotics from the group are used:

• Cephalosporins: Natsef, Tseklor, Maxipim, Liforan, Cephabol, Tamycin, etc.
• Combined fluoroquinolones: Tsiprolet A.
• Quinolonov: Glevo, Tavanik, Zanotsin, Abaktal, Tsiprolet, Tsifran.
• Combined penicillins: Augmentin, Amoxiclav, Panclave.

The described drugs can be used before obtaining the results of laboratory tests, for pneumonia without specifying the causative agent.

Therapy for sinusitis

The structure of cephalosporins and macrolides is similar to drugs penicillin series, however, they have the ability to inhibit the development and completely destroy pathogenic microorganisms.

Additionally, anticongestants, antiseptics, and secretolytics can be prescribed.

• At severe course Macrolides are used for diseases: Macropen and Azithromycin.
• The use of combined fluoroquinolones based on tinidazole and ciprofloxacin (Tsiprolet A) may also be recommended.

Treatment of sore throat

Complex treatment acute tonsillitis(angina) involves the use of antiseptics, local anesthetics, as well as antibacterial agents.

Antibiotics for systemic exposure are:

• Cephalosporin drugs based on cefixime (Pancef) and cefuroxime (Zinnat).

  Previously, treatment was carried out mainly with penicillins. IN modern medicine preference is given to new generation cephalosporins because they demonstrate greater efficiency during treatment bacterial infections affecting the nasopharynx.
  

• Combined fluoroquinolones based on ciprofloxacin in combination with tinidazole (Tsiprolet A).
• Multicomponent penicillin drugs: Panclave, Amoxiclav.
• Medicines from the group of macrolides based on azithromycin ( Azitral, Sumamox). They are one of the safest antibiotics, since they practically do not provoke unwanted adverse reactions from the gastrointestinal tract, as well as toxic effects on the central nervous system.

Colds and flu

If there is a confirmed need for antibiotics during the treatment of colds, the doctor prescribes:

Even drugs with a wide spectrum of pharmacological activity do not affect the vital activity of viruses, so their use is not advisable in the complex therapy of measles, rubella, viral hepatitis, herpes, chickenpox, as well as influenza.

Infections of the genitourinary system: cystitis, pyelonephritis

• Unidox Solutab is a convenient drug to use: once a day.
• Norbactin is recommended to be used twice a day; the drug has a list of contraindications and side effects.
• Monural is an antibiotic in powder form for internal reception. It is a long-acting drug that promotes quick elimination pathogenic microorganisms.

Before obtaining the results of laboratory tests for pyelonephritis, they begin with the use of fluoroquinlones (Glevo, Abaktal, Tsiprobid), V further treatment may be adjusted. Cephalosporins and aminoglycosides may also be prescribed.

Antifungal drugs in tablet form

Taking into account large quantity various types fungal infections, the doctor prescribes one or another antibiotic based on the results of a comprehensive examination.

The drug of choice may be:

• Medicines that belong to the 1st generation based on nystatin.
• Antibiotics of the 2nd generation, which are used for infections of the genitourinary system. Among them: Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole, and Miconazole.
• Among 3rd generation drugs, the use of Fluconazole, Anthraconazole, Terbinafine.

4th generation drugs include Caspofungin, Ravuconazole and Posaconazole.

Antibiotics for diseases of the organs of vision

For bacterial keratitis and chlamydial conjunctivitis, it is advisable to use Maxaquin, a drug for systemic therapy.

Among the antibiotics for local application may be assigned Vitabact, Tobrex, Okacin.

Let's summarize

Antibiotics are powerful substances of natural, synthetic or semi-synthetic origin that help suppress the growth and activity of pathogenic microorganisms.

List of new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics and their use

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