OK, the dog has a decoding. Proper preparation for the study

Hemogram of dogs different ages and sex (R.W. Kirk)

Hemogram of cats of different age and gender(R.W. Kirk)

Biochemical study of blood. Interpretation of biochemistry results .
(based on http://vetvrach.info/)

Enzymes.

Enzymes - basic biological catalysts, i.e. substances natural origin that speed up chemical reactions. Also, enzymes are involved in the regulation of many metabolic processes, thereby ensuring that the metabolism matches the changed conditions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. Depending on the reaction and substrate specificity, there are six main classes of enzymes (oxireductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases and ligases). In total, on currently, more than 2000 enzymes are known.
The catalytic action of the enzyme, i.e. his activity, determined in standard conditions by increasing the rate of a catalytic reaction compared to a non-catalytic one. The reaction rate is usually given as change in the concentration of a substrate or product per unit of time(mmol/l per second). Another unit of activity is the International Unit (Unit) - the amount of enzyme that converts 1 µmol of substrate in 1 minute.

For the clinic, the following enzymes are of primary importance:
Aspartate aminotransferase(AST, ASAT)

An intracellular enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism. High concentrations are found in the liver, heart, skeletal muscles, brain, erythrocytes. Released when tissue is damaged.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 11 - 42 units;

for cats - 9 - 29 units.

for horses - 130 - 300 units.

Enhanced: Necrosis of liver cells of any etiology, acute and chronic hepatitis, necrosis of the heart muscle, necrosis or injury of skeletal muscles, fatty degeneration liver, damage to brain tissue, kidneys; use of anticoagulants, vitamin C

Downgraded: (rarely with a lack of pyridoxine (Vitamin B6).

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, AlAT)

An intracellular enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism. It is found in high concentrations in the liver, kidneys, in muscles - in the heart and skeletal muscles. It is released when tissue is damaged, especially when the liver is damaged.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 9 - 52 units;

for cats - 19 - 79 units.

for horses - 2.7 - 20.0 units;

Enhanced: Cell necrosis, acute and chronic hepatitis, cholangitis, fatty liver, liver tumors, use of anticoagulants

Downgraded: diagnostic value does not have

creatine phosphokinase (CPK, CK)

CK consists of three isoenzymes, consisting of two subunits, M and B. Skeletal muscles are represented by the MM isoenzyme (CPK-MM), the brain is represented by the BB isoenzyme (CK-BB), the myocardium contains about 40% of the MB isoenzyme (CPK-MB).

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 32 - 157 units;

for cats - 150 - 798 units.

for horses - 50 - 300 units.

Enhanced: Myocardial infarction (2-24 hours; highly specific CPK-MB). Injuries, operations, myocarditis, muscular dystrophies, polymyositis, convulsions, infections, embolisms, heavy physical exertion, brain tissue damage, cerebral hemorrhage, anesthesia, poisoning (including sleeping pills), coma, Reye's syndrome. A slight increase in congestive heart failure, tachycardia, arthritis.

Downgraded:

gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)

GGT is present in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. The test is extremely sensitive for liver disease. Establishment high value GGT is used to confirm hepatic origin of serum alkaline phosphatase.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 1 - 10 units;

for cats - 1 - 10 units.

for horses - 1 - 20 units.

Enhanced: Hepatitis, cholestasis, tumors and cirrhosis of the liver, pancreas, postinfarction period;

Downgraded: Has no diagnostic value.

lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

LDH is an enzyme catalyzing the internal conversion of lactate and pyruvate in the presence of NAD/NADH. Widely distributed in cells liquid media organism. It increases with the destruction of tissues (it is artificially overestimated during hemolysis of erythrocytes with improper collection and storage of blood). Presented by five isoenzymes (LDG1 - LDH5)

Reference intervals:

for adult dogs - 23 - 164 units;

for adult cats - 55 - 155 units.

for adult horses - 100 - 400 units.

in young animals during the growth period, LDH activity increases by 2-3 times.

Enhanced: Damage to myocardial tissue (2-7 days after the development of myocardial infarction), leukemia, necrotic processes, tumors, hepatitis, pancreatitis, nephritis, muscular dystrophy, damage to skeletal muscles, hemolytic anemia, circulatory failure, leptospirosis, infectious peritonitis of cats.

Downgraded: Has no diagnostic value.

Cholinesterase (ChE)

ChE is found mainly in the blood serum, liver, and pancreas. ChE of blood plasma is an extracellular enzyme of a glycoprotein nature, which is formed in the cells of the liver parenchyma.

Reference intervals:

dogs - from 2200 U/l

cats - from 2000 U/l

Enhanced: Has no diagnostic value.

Downgraded: Subacute and chronic diseases and liver damage (due to impaired ChE synthesis by hepatocytes), poisoning with organophosphorus compounds.

AMILASE (DIASTASE)

Amylase hydrolyzes complex carbohydrates. Serum alpha-amylase is derived primarily from the pancreas (pancreatic) and salivary glands, and activity of the enzyme increases with inflammation or obstruction. Other organs also have some amylase activity - the small and large intestines, skeletal muscles, and ovaries. In horses, amylase is represented mainly by the beta fraction.

Reference intervals:

for dogs (alpha-amylase) - 685 - 2155 U;

for cats (alpha-amylase) - 580 - 1720 units.

for horses (beta-amylase) - 4.9 - 16.5 units.

Enhanced: Pancreatitis, parotitis, renal failure (acute and chronic), poisoning, diabetes mellitus, acute hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, volvulus of the stomach and intestines, peritonitis, electrolyte imbalance.

Downgraded: Necrosis of the pancreas, thyrotoxicosis, poisoning with arsenic, barbiturates, carbon tetrachloride; the use of anticoagulants.

alkaline phosphatase (AP)

Alkaline phosphatase is found in the liver, bones, intestines, and placenta. To differentiate ALP activity (liver or bones), the determination of GGT is used (increased in liver diseases, and unchanged in bone diseases).

Reference intervals:

for adult dogs - 18 - 70 units;

for adult cats - 39 - 55 units.

for adult horses - 70 - 250 units

in young animals during the growth period, the activity of alkaline phosphatase increases several times and is not an informative indicator.

Enhanced: Fracture healing, osteomalacia, bone tumors, cholangitis, Cushing's syndrome, bile duct obstruction, gallbladder tumors; abscess, cirrhosis, liver cancer, hepatitis, bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract, fatty foods, pregnancy.

Downgraded: Hypothyroidism, anemia, hypovitaminosis C, the use of corticosteroids.

acid phosphatase (cf)

In males, 50% of serum CP comes from the prostate gland, and the rest from the liver and degrading platelets and red blood cells.

In females, CP is produced by the liver, erythrocytes, and platelets.

Reference intervals:

dogs - 1-6 U/l

cats - 1-6 U/l

Enhanced: carcinoma of the prostate (in initial stage prostate cancer, CP activity may be within the normal range).

With metastases of prostate carcinoma in the bone tissue, ALP also increases.

Prostate massage, catheterization, cystoscopy, rectal examinations lead to an increase in CF, so it is recommended to take blood for analysis no earlier than 48 hours after these procedures.

Downgraded: Has no diagnostic value.

Lipase

Lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of glycerides of higher fatty acids. In the body, it is produced by a number of organs and tissues, which makes it possible to distinguish between lipase of gastric origin, pancreas, lung lipase, intestinal juice, leukocytes, etc. Serum lipase is the sum of organ lipases, and an increase in its activity is a consequence of a pathological process in any organ. Fluctuations in serum lipase activity in a healthy animal are insignificant.

Reference intervals:

dogs - 30-250 U/l

cats - 30-400 U/l

Enhanced: Acute pancreatitis (may be up to 200 times normal) - blood lipase activity increases rapidly within a few hours after an attack of pancreatitis, reaching a maximum after 12-24 hours, and remains elevated for 10-12 days, i.e. . longer time than the activity of?-amylase. In a malignant neoplasm of the pancreas, early stage diseases.

Downgraded: Gastric cancer (in the absence of metastases to the liver and pancreas), with a malignant neoplasm of the pancreas in more late period diseases (as the tissue of the gland resolves).

Substrates and fats

Bilirubin total

Bilirubin is a product of hemoglobin metabolism, conjugated in the liver with glucuronic acid to form mono- and diglucuronides excreted in the bile (direct bilirubin). Serum bilirubin levels increase with liver disease, biliary obstruction, or hemolysis. During hemolysis, unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin is formed, therefore, high total bilirubin will be observed with normal direct.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 3.0 - 13.5 mmol / l;

for cats - 3.0 - 12.0 mmol / l.

for horses - 5.4 - 51.4 mmol / l.

Enhanced: Liver cell damage different nature, bile duct obstruction, hemolysis

Downgraded: Diseases bone marrow, anemia, hypoplasia, fibrosis

Bilirubin direct

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 0.0 - 5.5 mmol / l;

for cats - 0.0 - 5.5 mmol / l.

for horses - 0.0 - 10.0 mmol / l.

Enhanced: bile duct obstruction, cholestasis, liver abscess, leptospirosis, chronic hepatitis

Downgraded: has no diagnostic value.

Urea

Urea is formed in the liver as a result of the neutralization of highly toxic ammonia formed as a result of bacterial fermentation in gastrointestinal tract, deamination of amino acids, purine and pyrimidine bases, biogenic amines, etc. It is excreted by the kidneys.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 3.5 - 9.2 mmol / l;

for cats - 5.4 - 12.1 mmol / l.

for horses - 3.5 - 8.8 mmol / l;

Enhanced: Kidney dysfunction (renal failure), protein-rich diet, acute hemolytic anemia, shock, stress, vomiting, diarrhea, acute infarction myocardium

Downgraded: Low protein intake, severe liver disease

Creatinine

Creatinine is the end product of creatine metabolism, synthesized in the kidneys and liver from three amino acids (arginine, glycine, methionine). Creatinine is completely excreted from the body by the kidneys by glomerular filtration without being reabsorbed into renal tubules. This property of creatinine is used to study the level of glomerular filtration by creatinine clearance in urine and blood serum.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 26.0 - 120.0 µmol/l;

for cats - 70.0 - 165.0 µmol/l.

for horses - 80.0 - 180.0 µmol / l.

Enhanced: Impaired kidney function (renal failure), hyperthyroidism, the use of furosemide, vitamin C., glucose, indomethacin, mannitol. Patients with diabetic ketoacidosis may have falsely elevated creatinine levels.

Downgraded: Pregnancy, age-related decrease in muscle mass

Uric acid

Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism. It is formed in the liver as a result of the breakdown of nucleotides, deamination of aminopurines and subsequent oxidation of oxypurines. Excreted from the body by the kidneys.

Reference intervals:

dogs - 9-100 µmol/l

cats - up to 150 µmol/l

Enhanced: Significantly - in violation of excretion uric acid from the body (kidney disease, urolithiasis disease, acidosis, toxicosis), gout - due to an increase in the synthesis of uric acid. Slightly - when taking food rich in purines (meat, liver, kidneys), some hematological diseases (leukemia, B12 deficiency, anemia), cellular cytolysis, diabetes mellitus.

Downgraded: Has no diagnostic value.

total protein

The total serum protein consists mainly of albumins and globulins. The globulin level is calculated by subtracting from general level albumin protein level. Hypoproteinemia indicates hypoalbuminemia, as albumin is the main serum protein. Serum/plasma protein concentration is determined by nutritional status, liver function, kidney function, hydration, and various pathological processes. Protein concentration determines colloidal osmotic (oncotic) pressure.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 40.0 - 73.0 g / l;

for cats - 54.0 - 77.0 g / l.

for horses - 47.0 - 75.0 g / l;

Enhanced: Dehydration, venous stasis. Tumors, inflammatory processes, infections, hyperimmunoglobulinemia

Downgraded: Protein loss in gastroenteropathy, nephrotic syndrome, reduced protein synthesis, chronic hepatitis, hepatosis, protein malabsorption

Albumen

Albumins are the most homogeneous fraction of simple proteins, almost exclusively synthesized in the liver. About 40% of albumins are in plasma, the rest - in interstitial fluid. The main functions of albumins are the maintenance of oncotic pressure, as well as participation in the transport of small endo- and exogenous substances (free fatty acids, bilirubin, steroid hormones, magnesium, calcium, medicinal substances, etc.).

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 22.0 - 39.0 g / l;

for cats - 25.0 - 37.0 g / l.

for horses - 27.0 - 37.0 g / l.

Enhanced: A state of dehydration;

Downgraded: Alimentary dystrophy, acute and chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, gastrointestinal diseases, nephrotic syndrome, chronic pyelonephritis, Cushing's syndrome, cachexia, severe infections, pancreatitis, eczema, exudative dermatopathy.

Glucose

Blood glucose level is the main indicator carbohydrate metabolism. Since glucose is evenly distributed between plasma and formed elements, its amount can be determined both in whole blood and in serum and plasma.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 4.3 - 7.3 mmol / l;

for cats - 3.3 - 6.3 mmol / l.

for horses - 3.0 - 7.0 mmol / l.

Enhanced: diabetes mellitus, Cushing's syndrome, stress, shock, stroke, myocardial infarction, exercise stress, chronic liver and kidney disease, pheochromocytoma, glucangioma, pancreatitis, corticosteroid use, nicotinic acid, vitamin C, diuretics.

Downgraded: Pancreatic disease, gastric cancer, fibrosarcoma, liver parenchymal disease, insulin shock

Cholesterol

Cholesterol levels are determined by fat metabolism, which in turn depends on heredity, diet, liver function, kidney function, thyroid gland and other endocrine organs. Total cholesterol is made up of low and high density lipoproteins (LDL and HDL) and about a fifth of triglycerides.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 2.9 - 6.5 mmol / l;

for cats - 1.6 - 3.7 mmol / l.

for horses - 2.3 - 3.6 mmol / l.

Enhanced: Hyperlipoproteinemia, liver disease, cholestasis, chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, pancreatic tumors, ischemic disease heart, myocardial infarction, hypertonic disease, diabetes mellitus, the use of corticosteroids, sulfonamides, thiazide diuretics

Downgraded: HDL deficiency, hypoproteinemia, liver tumors and cirrhosis, hyperthyroidism, acute and chronic renal failure, liver failure(terminal stages), rheumatoid arthritis, malnutrition and absorption, acute infections

triglycerides

Feed fats are hydrolyzed in the small intestine, absorbed and resynthesized by mucosal cells, after which they are secreted into the lymphatic vessels in the form of chylomicrons. Chylomicron triglycerides are removed from the blood by tissue lipoprotein lipase. The endogenous production of triglycerides occurs in the liver. These triglycerides are transported in association with b-lipoproteins as part of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL).

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 0.24 - 0.98 mmol / l;

for cats - 0.38 - 1.10 mmol / l.

for horses - 0.1 - 0.4 mmol / l.

Enhanced: Hyperlipoproteinemia, diabetes mellitus, hepatitis, cirrhosis, obstructive jaundice, acute and chronic pancreatitis, nephrotic syndrome, chronic renal failure, acute myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, pregnancy, stress; taking corticosteroids, estrogens, beta-blockers, diuretics, a diet with high content fat, carbohydrates;

Downgraded: Starvation, hyperthyroidism, acute infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hyperthyroidism; taking ascorbic acid, heparin;

electrolytes

Potassium (K)

Potassium is the major intracellular cation whose serum concentration is regulated by its excretion in the urine and other mechanisms. Serum potassium concentration determines neuromuscular excitability. Reduced or elevated level potassium in the blood affects muscle contractility

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 4.3 - 6.2 mmol / l;

for cats - 4.1 - 5.4 mmol / l

for horses - 2.2 - 4.5 mmol / l

Enhanced: Hemolysis, tissue damage, starvation, diabetic ketoacidosis, renal failure with anuria, oliguria, acidosis, potassium-sparing diuretics (spironolactone, triamterene), beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, high doses of sulfadimethoxine (Co-trimoxazole).

Downgraded: Starvation, vomiting, diarrhea, renal tubular acidosis, aldosteronism, muscle atrophy, use of furosemide, steroids, insulin, glucose.

Sodium (Na)

Sodium is the predominant extracellular cation. The sodium level is primarily determined by the volemic status of the body.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 138 - 164 mmol / l;

for cats - 143 - 165 mmol / l.

for horses - 130 - 143 mmol / l.

Enhanced: dehydration, polyuria, sugar and diabetes insipidus, chronic glomerulonephritis, hypoparathyroidism, chronic renal failure, bone tumors, osteolysis, osteodystrophy, hypervitaminosis D, furosemide, tetracycline, steroid hormones.

Downgraded: Vitamin D deficiency, osteomalacia, malabsorption, hyperinsulinism, taking analgesics, anticonvulsants, insulin. False hyponatremia may occur with severe lipemia or hyperproteinemia if the analysis is done with a dilution of the sample.

Calcium total (Ca)

Serum calcium is the sum of calcium ions, incl. associated with proteins (mainly albumin). The level of calcium ions is regulated by parathyroid hormone and vitamin D.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 2.3 - 3.3 mmol / l;

for cats - 2.0 - 2.7 mmol / l.

for horses - 2.6 - 4.0 mmol / l.

Enhanced: Hyperparathyroidism, bone tumors, lymphoma, leukemia, sarcoidosis, vitamin D overdose

Downgraded: Hypoparathyroidism, hypovitaminosis D, chronic renal failure, liver cirrhosis, pancreatitis, osteomalacia, the use of anticonvulsants.

PHOSPHORUS (P)

The concentration of inorganic phosphates in blood plasma is determined by the function parathyroid glands, vitamin D activity, gastrointestinal absorption, kidney function, bone metabolism and nutrition.

It is necessary to evaluate the indicator in combination with calcium and alkaline phosphatase.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 1.13 - 3.0 mmol / l;

for cats - 1.1 - 2.3 mmol / l.

for horses - 0.7 - 1.9 mmol / l.

Enhanced: Renal failure, massive blood transfusions, hypoparathyroidism, hypervitaminosis D, bone tumors, lymphoma, leukemia, ketosis in diabetes mellitus, healing bone fractures, the use of diuretics, anabolic steroids.

Downgraded: Hyperparathyroidism, hypovitaminosis D (rickets, osteomalacia), gastrointestinal diseases, malnutrition, severe diarrhea, vomiting, jet intravenous administration glucose, insulin therapy, the use of anticonvulsants.

Iron (Fe)

The concentration of iron in serum is determined by its absorption in the intestine; deposition in the intestine, liver, bone marrow; the degree of decay or loss of hemoglobin; volume of hemoglobin biosynthesis.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 20.0 - 30.0 µmol/l;

for cats - 20.0 - 30.0 µmol/l.

for horses - 13.0 - 23.0 µmol / l.

Enhanced: hemosiderosis, aplastic and hemolytic anemia, acute (viral) hepatitis, cirrhosis, fatty liver, nephritis, lead poisoning; taking estrogen.

Downgraded: Iron deficiency anemia, nephrotic syndrome, malignant tumors, infections, postoperative period.

Magnesium (Mg)

Magnesium is primarily an intracellular cation (60% is found in bones); it is a necessary cofactor for numerous enzyme systems, especially ATPases. Magnesium affects the neuromuscular response and excitability. The concentration of magnesium in the extracellular fluid is determined by its absorption from the intestine, excretion by the kidneys, and exchange with bones and intracellular fluid.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 0.8 - 1.4 mmol / l;

for cats - 0.9 - 1.6 mmol / l.

for horses - 0.6 - 1.5 mmol / l.

Enhanced: Dehydration, renal failure, tissue injury, hypocorticism; taking acetylsalicylate (long-term), triamterene, magnesium salts, progesterone.

Downgraded: Lack of magnesium, tetany, acute pancreatitis, pregnancy, diarrhea, vomiting, use of diuretics, calcium salts, citrates (with blood transfusion).

Chlorine (Cl)

Chlorine is the most important inorganic anion in the extracellular fluid, important in maintaining normal acid-base balance and normal osmolality. With the loss of chlorides (in the form of HCl or NH4Cl), alkalosis occurs, with ingestion or injection of chlorides, acidosis occurs.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 96.0 - 118.0 mmol / l;

for cats - 107.0 - 122.0 mmol / l.

for horses - 94.0 - 106.0 mmol / l.

Enhanced: Hypohydration, acute renal failure, diabetes insipidus, renal tubular acidosis, metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, adrenal hypofunction, traumatic brain injury, taking corticosteroids, salicylates (intoxication).

Downgraded: Hypochloremic alkalosis, after punctures with ascites, prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory acidosis, nephritis, laxatives, diuretics, corticosteroids (long-term).

Acidity (pH)

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 7.35 - 7.45;

for cats - 7.35 - 7.45;

for horses - 7.35 - 7.45.

Enhanced: Alkalosis (respiratory, non-respiratory)

Downgraded: Acidosis (respiratory, metabolic)

A blood test in dogs is an important element of regular examinations and diagnosis of diseases in a pet. With its help, you can find deviations in health in time, track the nature of the development of the body, general state immunity of your four-legged friend.

For many owners, the results of the analysis, complex tables and indicators, are a secret behind seven seals. And even obvious deviations from the norm in one direction or another, indicated in the results, often do not say anything. Let's figure out what the studied indicators mean, and what to prepare for, noticing deviations. Today we will study biochemical analysis blood.

What does a biochemical blood test of dogs investigate?

Biochemical analysis allows you to study the quality of the functioning of organs and tissues in the body, determines violations in the work of certain systems. Biochemistry is indispensable in determining complex diseases, including disorders of the liver, kidneys, endocrine system, and heart.

Prescribes biochemistry, as a rule, a doctor. But the owner of the dog can go to the clinic for a preventive study. Under normal conditions this analysis required no more than once a year.

Norm - one for all!?

When studying the results of the analysis, it is important to understand that the norm of the content of certain substances is an average indicator for all healthy individuals. But, like humans, each animal has individual physiological characteristics. It may turn out that it is for your pet that the norm is a slightly overestimated or underestimated indicator for one or another parameter.

To accurately determine this, long-term observation of the dog during the period of illness and in healthy condition. Only a veterinarian can give a final opinion on whether a deviation according to the documents is a life norm or not.

As for the theory, it will be useful for each owner to find out what specific indicators the biochemical analysis of the dog’s blood examines, and what may be meant by certain deviations.

Let's try to decipher

Glucose (normal: 4.3 - 7.3 mmol / l)

Diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of an increase in glucose. However, often its exit beyond the upper frame can happen at elevated physical activity. Glucose jumps against the background of diseases of the kidneys, liver or pancreas.

A low level can indicate starvation, tumors of a different nature, insulin overdoses, or severe food poisoning.

Protein (59 - 73 g/l)

• kidney failure;
• intestinal damage;
• prolonged fasting.

Protein also drops as a result of burns, internal inflammation, and large blood loss when the body has an increased consumption of this substance. The same is true for albumin (the norm is 22-39 g / l).

Bilirubin (0 - 7.5 µmol/l)

Bilirubin quite often rises against the background of damage to the liver cells (in other words, with hepatitis), as well as due to obstruction of the bile ducts.

Urea (3 - 8.5 mmol/l)

An increase in the amount of urea most often signals problems in the urinary organs. In particular, its level rises with violations of the kidneys and inflammation of the urinary tract. It can “grow up” against the background of an excess of protein foods in the pet’s diet.

Urea deficiency in the body, on the contrary, is associated with protein starvation, as well as dog pregnancy. A sign of pregnancy, by the way, is also a low content of creatinine (normally 30-170 µmol/l).

Alanine aminotransferase (0 - 65 units)

Almost always rises against the background destructive processes in the liver (including due to taking strong drugs affecting this organ).

Aspartate aminotransferase (10 - 42 units)

This substance also increases with the destruction of liver cells. Other reasons for increasing the level of AST: physical processing dogs, heart failure.

It is worth alerting if this substance is contained in the blood in small quantities. As a rule, a low content of AsAT indicates the beginning of necrotic processes in the body, i.e. tissue death. It is also possible against the background of liver rupture or acute shortage vitamin B6.

Alpha-amylase (550 - 1700 units)

Increases with pancreatitis, peritonitis, parotitis, and also against the background of diabetes. Can talk about torsion of the intestines and stomach.

The lack of alpha-amylase indicates pancreatic dysfunction, thyrotoxicosis.

Potassium (3.6 - 5.5 mmol/l)

Transition upper bound according to the content of potassium in the blood indicates acute kidney failure, destruction of cells in a particular organ, as well as dehydration. Potassium deficiency often indicates prolonged starvation of the animal, poisoning, or impaired renal function. It is possible to decrease with an excess of the hormone of the adrenal cortex.

Calcium (2.25 - 3 mmol/l)

An increase in the proportion of calcium should alert the owner of the dog. After all, it is this indicator that often becomes a signal for an additional examination for oncological diseases. Calcium increases against the background of malignant tumors, with an excess of vitamin D, dehydration.

A decrease in the level of calcium often indicates a deficiency of vitamin D and magnesium, chronic renal failure.

Cholesterol (2.9 - 8.3 mmol/l)

An increase in blood cholesterol levels signals liver disease, hypothyroidism and coronary heart disease. Here is the deficit total cholesterol, on the contrary, makes it clear that your pet is likely to develop enteropathy, hepatopathy, or a malignant tumor is growing. Possible deviation from the norm in a smaller direction against the background of poor nutrition.

At the end of the article, I would like to add only one thing. Despite the fact that now you know exactly how to read the results of the analysis, do not undertake to make a diagnosis yourself. Only a doctor can definitively establish the disease. Don't forget to visit the vet.

A biochemical blood test is necessary to get an idea of ​​​​the work internal organs animal organism, determining the content of trace elements and vitamins in the blood. This is one way laboratory diagnostics, which is informative for veterinarian and has a high degree reliability.

Biochemical analysis implies laboratory research the following blood counts:

Squirrels

• total protein
• Albumins
• Alpha globulins
• beta globulins
• Gamma globulins

Enzymes

• Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT)
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
• Amylase
• Phosphatase alkaline

Lipids

• total cholesterol

Carbohydrates

• Glucose

Pigments

• Bilirubin total

low molecular weight nitrogenous substances

Creatinine

Urea nitrogen

Residual nitrogen

Urea

Inorganic substances and vitamins

Calcium

There are certain norms for a biochemical blood test. Deviation from these indicators is a sign various violations in the activities of the body.

The results of a biochemical blood test can indicate diseases that are completely independent of each other. Only a professional, an experienced and qualified doctor, can correctly assess the state of health of an animal, give a correct, reliable interpretation of a biochemical blood test.

total protein

Total protein is an organic polymer made up of amino acids.

The term "total protein" means the total concentration of albumin and globulins in the blood serum. In the body, a common protein performs the following functions: it participates in blood clotting, maintains a constant blood pH, performs a transport function, participates in immune reactions, and many other functions.

Norms of total protein in the blood of cats and dogs: 60.0-80.0 g / l

1.Protein boost may be seen with:

a) acute and chronic infectious diseases,

b) oncological diseases,

c) dehydration of the body.

2. Reduced protein may be with:

a) pancreatitis

b) liver diseases (cirrhosis, hepatitis, liver cancer, toxic liver damage)

c) intestinal disease (gastroenterocolitis) dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract

d) acute and chronic bleeding

e) kidney disease, accompanied by a significant loss of protein in the urine (glomerulonephritis, etc.)

f) decrease in protein synthesis in the liver (hepatitis, cirrhosis)

g) increased protein loss during blood loss, extensive burns, trauma, tumors, ascites, chronic and acute inflammation

h) oncological disease.

i) during fasting, strong physical exertion.

Albumen

Albumin is the main blood protein produced in the liver of an animal. Albumins are isolated into a separate group of proteins - the so-called protein fractions. Changes in the ratio of individual protein fractions in the blood often give the doctor more significant information than just the total protein.

Albumins 45.0-67.0% in the blood of cats and dogs.

1. Increase albumin in the blood occurs with dehydration, loss of fluid by the body,

2.Downgrade content albumin in the blood:

a) chronic liver diseases (hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver tumors)

b) bowel disease

c) sepsis, infectious diseases, purulent processes

f) malignant tumors

g) heart failure

h) drug overdose

i) is a consequence of starvation, insufficient intake of proteins with food.

Globulin fractions:

Alpha globulins are normal 10.0-12.0%

Beta globulins 8.0-10.0%

Gamma globulins 15.0-17.0%

beta globulins: 1. Fraction increase- with hepatitis, cirrhosis and other liver damage.

Gamma globulins: 1. Fraction increase with cirrhosis, hepatitis, infectious diseases.

2.Faction reduction- 14 days after vaccination, with kidney disease, with immunodeficiency states.

Types of proteinograms:

1. Type of acute inflammatory processes

A pronounced decrease in the content of albumins and increased content alpha globulins, increase in gamma globulins.

It is observed at the initial stage of pneumonia, pleurisy, acute polyarthritis, acute infectious diseases and sepsis.

2. Type of subacute and chronic inflammation

Decreased albumin content, increased alpha and gamma globulins

Observed at late stage pneumonia, chronic endocarditis, cholecystitis, urocystitis, pyelonephritis

3. Type of nephrotic symptom complex

Decrease in albumins, increase in alpha and beta globulins, moderate decrease in gamma globulins.

Lipoid and amyloid nephrosis, nephritis, nephrosclerosis, cachexia.

4. Type of malignant neoplasms

A sharp decrease in albumin with a significant increase in all globulin fractions, especially beta globulins.

Primary neoplasms of various localization, metastases of neoplasms.

5. Type of hepatitis

Moderate decrease in albumin, increase in gamma globulins, sharp rise beta globulins.

In hepatitis, the consequences of toxic damage to the liver (improper feeding, improper use medicines), some forms of polyarthritis, dermatoses, malignant neoplasms hematopoietic and lymphoid apparatus.

6. Type of cirrhosis

A significant decrease in albumin with strong increase gamma globulins

7. Type of mechanical (subhepatic) jaundice

Decrease in albumins and moderate increase in alpha, beta and gamma albumins.

Abturative jaundice, cancer of the biliary tract and head of the pancreas.

ALT (ALT) or alanine aminotransferase is a liver enzyme that is involved in amino acid metabolism. Contains ALT in the liver, kidneys, heart muscle, skeletal muscles.

With the destruction of the cells of these organs, caused by various pathological processes, ALT is released into the blood of the animal's body. Norm of ALT in the blood of cats and dogs: 1.6-7.6 IU

1. Increase ALT- a sign of serious illness:

a) liver toxicity

b) cirrhosis of the liver

c) neoplasm of the liver

d) toxic effect on the liver of drugs (antibiotics, etc.)

e) heart failure

f) pancreatitis

i) skeletal muscle injury and necrosis

2.Decrease in the level of ALT seen with:

a) severe liver diseases - necrosis, cirrhosis (with a decrease in the number of cells synthesizing ALT)

b) vitamin B6 deficiency.

AST (AST) or aspartate aminotransferase is a cellular enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism. AST is found in the tissues of the heart, liver, kidneys, nervous tissue, skeletal muscles and other organs.

The norm of AST in the blood is 1.6-6.7 IU

1. Increase in AST in the blood observed if there is a disease in the body:

a) viral, toxic hepatitis

b) acute pancreatitis

c) liver neoplasms

e) heart failure.

f) skeletal muscle injuries, burns, heat stroke.

2. Lowering the level of AST in the blood due to severe diseases, liver rupture and vitamin B6 deficiency.

Alkaline phosphatase

Alkaline phosphatase is involved in the metabolism phosphoric acid, splitting it from organic compounds and promotes the transport of phosphorus in the body. Most high level alkaline phosphatase content bone tissue, intestinal mucosa, in the placenta and mammary gland during lactation.

The rate of alkaline phosphatase in the blood of dogs and cats is 8.0-28.0 IU / l. Alkaline phosphatase affects bone growth, therefore, in growing organisms, its content is higher than in adults.

1. Increased alkaline phosphatase in the blood may be

a) bone disease, including bone tumors (sarcoma), cancer metastases in the bone

b) hyperparathyroidism

c) lymphogranulomatosis with bone lesions

d) osteodystrophy

e) liver diseases (cirrhosis, cancer, infectious hepatitis)

f) tumors of the biliary tract

g) lung infarction, kidney infarction.

h) lack of calcium and phosphates in food, from an overdose of vitamin C and as a result of taking certain medications.

2. Decreased level of alkaline phosphatase

a) with hypothyroidism,

b) bone growth disorders,

c) lack of zinc, magnesium, vitamin B12 or C in food,

d) anemia (anemia).

e) taking medications can also cause a decrease in alkaline phosphatase in the blood.

Pancreatic amylase

Pancreatic amylase is an enzyme involved in the breakdown of starch and other carbohydrates in the duodenal lumen.

Norms of pancreatic amylase - 35.0-70.0 G \ hour * l

1. Increased amylase- a symptom of the following diseases:

a) acute, chronic pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)

b) pancreatic cyst,

c) tumor in the pancreatic duct

d) acute peritonitis

e) diseases of the biliary tract (cholecystitis)

f) renal insufficiency.

2. Reducing the content of amylase may be with pancreatic insufficiency, acute and chronic hepatitis.

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a yellow-red pigment, a breakdown product of hemoglobin and some other blood components. Bilirubin is found in bile. Bilirubin analysis shows how the animal's liver works. In the blood serum, bilirubin occurs in the following forms: direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin. Together, these forms form the total blood bilirubin.

Norms of total bilirubin: 0.02-0.4 mg%

1. Increased bilirubin- a symptom of the following disorders in the activity of the body:

a) lack of vitamin B 12

b) liver neoplasms

c) hepatitis

d) primary cirrhosis of the liver

e) toxic, drug poisoning liver

Calcium

Calcium (Ca, Calcium) is an inorganic element in the animal body.

The biological role of calcium in the body is great:

Calcium supports normal heartbeat like magnesium, calcium contributes to health of cardio-vascular system generally,

Participates in the metabolism of iron in the body, regulates enzyme activity,

Promotes normal operation nervous system transmission of nerve impulses,

Phosphorus and calcium in balance make bones strong,

Participates in blood coagulation, regulates permeability cell membranes,

Normalizes the work of some endocrine glands,

Participates in muscle contraction.

The rate of calcium in the blood of dogs and cats: 9.5-12.0 mg%

Calcium enters the body of the animal with food, the absorption of calcium occurs in the intestines, the exchange in the bones. Calcium is excreted from the body by the kidneys. The balance of these processes ensures the constancy of the calcium content in the blood.

The excretion and absorption of calcium is under the control of hormones (parathyroid hormone, etc.) and calcitriol - vitamin D3. In order for calcium to be absorbed, there must be enough vitamin D in the body.

1. Too much calcium or hypercalcemia can be caused by the following disorders in the body:

a) increased function parathyroid glands (primary hyperparathyroidism)

b) malignant tumors with bone lesions (metastases, myeloma, leukemia)

c) excess vitamin D

d) dehydration

e) acute renal failure.

2. Lack of calcium or hypocalcemia - a symptom of the following diseases:

a) rickets (vitamin D deficiency)

b) osteodystrophy

c) decreased thyroid function

d) chronic renal failure

e) magnesium deficiency

f) pancreatitis

g) obstructive jaundice, liver failure

cachexia.

Calcium deficiency can also be associated with the use of medications - anticancer and anticonvulsants.

Calcium deficiency in the body is manifested by muscle cramps, nervousness.

Phosphorus

Phosphorus (P) - necessary for the normal functioning of the central nervous system.

Phosphorus compounds are present in every cell of the body and are involved in almost all physiological chemical reactions. The norm in the body of dogs and cats is 6.0-7.0 mg%.

Phosphorus is included in nucleic acids, which take part in the processes of growth, cell division, storage and use of genetic information,

phosphorus is contained in the composition of the bones of the skeleton (about 85% of total phosphorus of the body), it is necessary for the formation of a normal structure of teeth and gums, provides correct work heart and kidney,

participates in the processes of accumulation and release of energy in cells,

participates in the transmission of nerve impulses, helps the metabolism of fats and starches.

1. Excess phosphorus in the blood, or hyperphosphatemia, can cause the following processes:

a) destruction of bone tissue (tumors, leukemia)

b) excess vitamin D

c) healing of bone fractures

d) decreased function of the parathyroid glands (hypoparathyroidism)

e) acute and chronic renal failure

f) osteodystrophy

h) cirrhosis.

Usually, phosphorus is higher than normal due to the intake of anticancer drugs, while phosphate is released into the blood.

2.Lack of phosphorus should be replenished regularly by eating foods containing phosphorus.

A significant decrease in the level of phosphorus in the blood - hypophosphatemia - a symptom of the following diseases:

a) lack of growth hormone

b) vitamin D deficiency (rickets)

c) periodontal disease

d) malabsorption of phosphorus, severe diarrhea, vomiting

e) hypercalcemia

f) increased function of the parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism)

g) hyperinsulinemia (in the treatment of diabetes mellitus).

Glucose

Glucose is the main indicator of carbohydrate metabolism. More than half of the energy our body uses comes from the oxidation of glucose.

The concentration of glucose in the blood is regulated by the hormone insulin, which is the main hormone of the pancreas. With its deficiency, the level of glucose in the blood rises.

The norm of glucose in animals is 4.2-9.0 mmol / l

1. Increased glucose(hyperglycemia) with:

a) diabetes mellitus

b) endocrine disorders

c) acute and chronic pancreatitis

d) pancreatic tumors

e) chronic diseases of the liver and kidneys

f) cerebral hemorrhage

2. Reduced glucose(hypoglycemia) - characteristic symptom For:

a) diseases of the pancreas (hyperplasia, adenoma or cancer)

hypothyroidism,

b) liver diseases (cirrhosis, hepatitis, cancer),

c) adrenal cancer, stomach cancer,

d) arsenic poisoning or overdose of certain medications.

Glucose analysis will show a decrease or increase in glucose levels after exercise.

Potassium

Potassium is found in cells, regulates water balance in the body and normalizes the rhythm of the heart. Potassium affects the functioning of many cells in the body, especially nerve and muscle cells.

1. Excess potassium in the blood- hyperkalemia is a sign of the following disorders in the body of the animal:

a) cell damage (hemolysis - destruction of blood cells, severe starvation, convulsions, severe injuries, deep burns),

b) dehydration,

d) acidosis,

e) acute renal failure,

f) adrenal insufficiency,

g) increase in the intake of potassium salts.

Usually, potassium is elevated due to the intake of anticancer, anti-inflammatory drugs and some other drugs.

2. Potassium deficiency(hypokalemia) is a symptom of disorders such as:

a) hypoglycemia

b) dropsy

c) chronic fasting

d) prolonged vomiting and diarrhea

e) impaired renal function, acidosis, renal failure

f) an excess of hormones of the adrenal cortex

g) magnesium deficiency.

Urea

Urea - active substance, the main breakdown product of proteins. Urea is produced by the liver from ammonia and is involved in the process of concentrating urine.

During the synthesis of urea, ammonia is neutralized - very poisonous substance for the body. Urea is excreted from the body by the kidneys. The rate of urea in the blood of cats and dogs is 30.0-45.0 mg%

1. Increased urea in the blood- a symptom of serious disorders in the body:

a) kidney disease (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, polycystic kidney disease),

b) heart failure,

c) violation of the outflow of urine (tumor Bladder, prostate adenoma, bladder stones),

d) leukemia, malignant tumors,

e) severe bleeding,

f) intestinal obstruction,

g) shock, fever,

An increase in urea occurs after exercise, due to the intake of androgens, glucocorticoids.

2. Urea analysis in the blood will show a decrease in the level of urea with such disorders of the liver as hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatic coma. A decrease in urea in the blood occurs during pregnancy, phosphorus or arsenic poisoning.

Creatinine

Creatinine is the end product of protein metabolism. Creatinine is formed in the liver and then released into the blood, is involved in the energy metabolism of muscle and other tissues. Creatinine is excreted from the body by the kidneys with urine, so creatinine is an important indicator of kidney activity.

1. Increasing creatinine- a symptom of acute and chronic renal failure, hyperthyroidism. Creatinine levels increase after taking some medical preparations, with dehydration of the body, after mechanical, surgical muscle lesions.

2.Decrease in creatinine in the blood, which occurs during fasting, a decrease in muscle mass, during pregnancy, after taking corticosteroids.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol or cholesterol is an organic compound essential component fat metabolism.

The role of cholesterol in the body:

cholesterol is used to build cell membranes,

Cholesterol is a precursor of bile in the liver

cholesterol is involved in the synthesis of sex hormones, in the synthesis of vitamin D.

Norms of cholesterol in dogs and cats: 3.5-6.0 mol / l

1. High cholesterol or hypercholesterolemia leads to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques: cholesterol attaches to the walls of blood vessels, narrowing the lumen inside them. On cholesterol plaques formed blood clots that can break off and enter the bloodstream, causing blockage of blood vessels in various organs and tissues, which can lead to atherosclerosis and other diseases.

Hypercholesterolemia is a symptom of the following diseases:

a) ischemic heart disease,

b) atherosclerosis

c) liver disease (primary cirrhosis)

d) kidney diseases (glomerulonephritis, chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome)

e) chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer

f) diabetes mellitus

g) hypothyroidism

h) obesity

i) deficit growth hormone(STG)

2.Cholesterol lowering occurs when there is a violation of the absorption of fats, starvation, extensive burns.

Lowering cholesterol can be a symptom of the following diseases:

a) hyperthyroidism,

b) chronic heart failure,

c) megaloblastic anemia,

d) sepsis,

e) acute infectious diseases,

f) terminal stage cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer,

g) chronic lung diseases.

Among the laboratory methods used in veterinary medicine, a worthy place is occupied by biochemical analysis. biological fluids. Taking into account the postulate of R. Virchow that “the disease is nothing new for the body”, it can be argued that biochemical analysis is one of the key links in the chain of logical thinking of a doctor when making a diagnosis. At the same time, monitoring of biochemical parameters of blood makes it possible to determine the effectiveness of the treatment.

In the study of the biochemical components of blood, the entire range of indicators is divided into organic and inorganic. Each of the indicators characterizes some part of the metabolism, however, a complete picture of the pathology can only be obtained with a synthetic interpretation of the data.

The study of clinical biochemistry is based on integration with other clinical disciplines, without knowledge of which it is impossible to analyze changes in biochemical parameters during pathological processes. At the same time, biochemistry is the basis for a deep understanding of the dynamics of the disease.

One of the most interesting and least studied sections of clinical biochemistry is fermentology - the science of metabolism, functions and properties of enzymes. Enzymes, high-molecular protein compounds, play the role of catalysts in the body. Without their participation in the body, not a single, even the most insignificant reaction takes place. Depending on the localization in organs and tissues, cellular enzymes are divided into organ-specific and non-specific. The first (indicative) are characteristic of one, strictly defined organ, the second - for several. Changes in the activity of enzymes in biological substrates that go beyond the boundaries of physiological fluctuations are indicative of diseases of various organs and systems of the body. In pathology, three types of changes in the activity of enzymes in the blood can be observed: hyperfermentemia, hypoenzymemia and dysfermentemia.
The increase in enzyme activity is explained by the release of the enzyme from damaged cells, an increase in the permeability of cell membranes, and an increase in the catalytic activity of enzymes.
Dysfermentemia is characterized by the appearance of enzymes in the blood serum, the activity of which is not manifested in healthy body.
Hypoenzymemia is characteristic of secretory enzymes when their synthesis in cells is impaired.

Another, no less interesting section of clinical biochemistry is the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, which are closely interrelated and can characterize the main metabolism. The following are metabolites whose blood levels may indicate certain diseases.

Protein (total). Changes in the content of total protein (relative) as a result of changes in blood volume, water loads, infusion of a large volume of blood substitutes saline solutions(hypoproteinemia) or dehydration of the body (hyperproteinemia).
Absolute hypoproteinemia(alimentary) with starvation, dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, injuries, tumors, inflammatory processes, bleeding, excretion of protein in the urine, the formation of significant transudates and exudates, with increased protein breakdown, febrile conditions, intoxication, parenchymal hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver. A decrease in protein content below 40 g/l is accompanied by tissue edema.
Hyperproteinemia. With infectious or toxic irritations of the reticuloendothelial system, in the cells of which globulins are synthesized ( chronic inflammation, chronic polyarthritis), with multiple myeloma. There is no protein in the urine, or there are traces (during cooling, stress, absolute protein food, prolonged physical exertion, with the introduction of adrenaline and norepinephrine, fever). Daily excretion of protein above 80-100 mg pathological indicates kidney damage (acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, amyloid degeneration of the kidneys, renal failure, polycystic kidney disease, poisoning, hypoxia).

Creatinine. Formed in the muscles and excreted by the renal glomeruli.
Creatinemia is observed in patients with acute and chronic renal dysfunction.
The level of creatinine in the blood increases with blockage of the urinary tract, severe diabetes, hyperthyroidism, liver damage, hypofunction of the adrenal glands.
A decrease in the blood is observed with a decrease in muscle mass, pregnancy.

Glucose. The main component of energy metabolism. IN physiological conditions blood levels may rise after a rich carbohydrate meal, physical exertion. Decrease - during pregnancy, due to malnutrition, unbalanced diet, after taking ganglioblockers.
Hyperglycemia. With diabetes, acute pancreatitis, trauma and concussion of the brain, epilepsy, encephalitis, toxicosis, thyrotoxicosis, poisoning with CO, mercury, ether, shock, stress, increased hormonal activity of the adrenal cortex, anterior pituitary gland.
Hypoglycemia. With an overdose of insulin, diseases of the pancreas (insulinoma, glycogen deficiency), malignant diseases (cancer of the stomach, adrenal glands, fibrosarcoma), some infectious and toxic lesions liver, hypothyroidism, hereditary diseases associated with enzyme deficiency (galactosemia, impaired fructose tolerance), congenital adrenal hypoplasia, after gastrectomy, gastroenterostomy.
Glucosuria (glucose in the urine). With diabetes mellitus, thyrotoxicosis, hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex, impaired renal function, sepsis, trauma and brain tumors, poisoning with morphine, chloroform, strychnine, pancreatitis.

Urea. The end product of protein metabolism is synthesized in the liver. Under physiological conditions, the level of urea in the blood depends on the nature of the diet: with a diet with low content nitrogenous products, its concentration decreases, with excess it increases, during pregnancy it decreases.
An increase in serum urea is observed with anuria caused by urinary excretion disorders (stones, tumors urinary tract), renal failure, acute hemolytic anemia, severe heart failure, diabetic coma, hypoparathyroidism, stress, shock, increased protein breakdown, gastrointestinal bleeding, poisoning with chloroform, phenol, mercury compounds.
The decrease occurs in severe liver diseases, during fasting, after hemodialysis.

Calcium. The main component of bone tissue, is involved in the process of blood clotting, muscle contraction, and the activity of the endocrine glands.
An increase is observed in hyperparathyroidism, hypervitaminosis D, acute bone tissue atrophy, acromegaly, myeloma, gangrenous peritonitis, sarcoidosis, heart failure, thyrotoxicosis.
Decrease - with hypoparathyroidism, avitaminosis D, chronic disease kidneys, hyponatremia, acute pancreatitis, liver cirrhosis, senile osteoporosis, massive blood transfusion. A slight decrease in rickets, under the action of diuretics, phenobarbital. May present as tetany.

Magnesium. Activator of a number of enzymatic processes (in the nervous and muscle tissue).
Increased serum levels in chronic renal failure, neoplasms, hepatitis.
Decrease with prolonged diarrhea, impaired absorption processes in the intestine, when taking diuretics, hypercalcemia, diabetes mellitus.

Alkaline phosphatase (AP) catalyzes the separation of phosphoric acid from organic compounds. Widely distributed in the intestinal mucosa, osteoblasts, placenta, lactating mammary gland.
Increased activity of alkaline phosphatase in the blood serum is observed in diseases of the bones: deforming osteitis, osteosarcoma, with bone metastases, lymphogranulomatosis with bone lesions, with increased metabolism in bone tissue (fracture healing). With obstructive (subhepatic) jaundice, primary biliary cirrhosis, sometimes with hepatitis, cholangitis, the level of alkaline phosphatase increases up to 10 times. Also in chronic uremia, ulcerative colitis, intestinal bacterial infections, thyrotoxicosis.
Reduction in chronic glomerulonephritis, hypothyroidism, scurvy, severe anemia, accumulation of radioactive substances in the bones.

ALT (alanine aminotransferase). The enzyme is widely distributed in tissues, especially the liver.
Increased ALT activity in serum - with acute hepatitis, obstructive jaundice, cirrhosis of the liver, the introduction of hepatotoxic drugs, myocardial infarction. An increase in ALT is a specific sign of liver disease (especially acute), occurs 1-4 weeks before the onset of clinical signs.
Decrease (sharp) with rupture of the liver in late dates total necrosis.

ACT (Aspartate aminotransferase). An enzyme found in small amounts in the tissues of the heart, liver, skeletal muscles, and kidneys.
Increase in ACT activity occurs with myocardial infarction and persists for 4-5 days. With necrosis or damage to liver cells of any etiology, acute and chronic hepatitis (ALT is greater than ACT). Moderate increase in patients with liver metastases, with progressive muscular dystrophy.

GGT (Gammaglutamyltranspeptidase). Found in the liver, pancreas, kidneys. Absence increased activity of this enzyme bone diseases allows you to differentiate the source of increased alkaline phosphatase.
Increase in GGT activity is a sign of hepatotoxicity and liver disease. Increase its activity: cytolysis, cholestasis, alcohol intoxication, tumor growth in the liver, drug intoxication. An increase is noted in diseases of the pancreas, in diabetes mellitus and infectious mononucleosis.

Amylase. An enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch, glycogen, and glucose.
Increased activity in acute and chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cyst, stomatitis, neuralgia of the facial nerve.
Decrease in pancreatic necrosis, arsenic poisoning, barbiturates, due to reabsorption in peritonitis, obstruction small intestine, perforation of the ulcer or rupture of the fallopian tube.

When examining blood counts for various diseases it is possible to identify a certain integral, which manifests itself in a complex of changes in the concentration of some metabolites.

Liver. Acute condition:

• increased activity of ALT;
• an increase in ACT activity is a more difficult process;
• decrease in the concentration of urea (in severe diseases);
• increased creatinine levels;
• hypoproteinemia.

Liver. Stagnant phenomena:

• increased GGT activity;
• increased activity of alkaline phosphatase.

Pancreas:

• increased activity of amylase;
• decrease in calcium concentration - in acute pancreatitis;
• creatinemia - severe diabetes;
• hyperglycemia - diabetes, hypoglycemia - deficiency of glucagon, insulin;
• increase in GGT activity.

Heart:

• increased activity of ACT - myocardial infarction;
• increase in calcium concentration - heart failure;
• an increase in the concentration of urea is a severe degree of heart failure.

Kidneys:

• creatinemia - acute and chronic damage, an increase in the concentration of creatinine with blockage of the urinary tract;
• increased urea content;
• magnesium - an increase in concentration - in chronic renal failure, a decrease in the level in kidney disease with significant diuresis;
• decrease in calcium concentration chronic diseases kidneys;
• hyperphosphatemia - in chronic renal failure.

Tumors:

• increased activity of alkaline phosphatase - with osteogenic sarcoma;
• increased activity of ACT - with liver metastases;
• increased activity of GGT - with tumor growth in the liver.

V.V. Kotomtsev, Head of the Department of Biotechnology, USAU, Professor, Doctor of Biological Sciences

For the accurate diagnosis of diseases often require research tests. Most often, blood and urine tests are taken from dogs.

Complete blood count in dogs

It determines the composition of the blood, that is, the amount of hemoglobin, red blood cells, platelets and many other indicators in it. The norm depends on the age and state of health of the dog, that is, its medical history.

• The norm of hemoglobin in the blood of a dog is 74-180 g / l. An increase in its level indicates dehydration and thickening of the blood, and a decrease indicates anemia.
• The norm of erythrocytes is 3.3-8.5 million / μl, their increased amount may be due bronchopulmonary pathology, polycystic disease, heart defects, neoplasms of the liver or kidneys, and dehydration. A decrease in the number of red blood cells can be caused by large blood loss, anemia, chronic inflammatory processes.
• ESR - erythrocyte sedimentation rate. In a dog, it should be up to 13 mm / h. An increased ESR value is characteristic of various inflammatory processes and infectious diseases, observed and .
• The number of leukocytes should be in the range of 6-18.6 thousand / μl. Exceeding this norm can be caused by infectious and inflammatory processes, leukemia, and allergic reactions. A decrease - infectious pathologies of the bone marrow, genetic abnormalities, hyperfunction of the spleen.
• An increased content of platelets in the blood (more than 500 thousand / μl) can be caused by myeloid leukemia, polycythemia, and a low content is characteristic of anemia and systemic autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus.

Biochemical blood test in dogs

Defines biochemical parameters blood. Changes in the main ones indicate a very serious illnesses.

• Glucose should be within 4 - 6 mmol / l. Their excess indicates hyperthyroidism, stress, pancreatic necrosis, and a decrease in insulin overdose, insulinoma, hypoadrenocorticism.
• total protein in healthy dog is at the level of 50-77 g/l. Elevated indicates chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases, dehydration. Reduced - about enteritis, nephrotic syndrome, pancreatitis, blood loss, starvation, heart failure, hypovitaminosis, malignant neoplasms.
• Urea nitrogen should be at the level of 4.3-8.9 mmol / l. Its increase indicates a violation of the function of the kidneys and excretion of urine, acute liver dystrophy, absorption in the intestine a large number squirrel. Decrease - about cirrhosis of the liver.
• Bilirubin total (a component of bile) should not exceed 7.5 µmol / l, otherwise cirrhosis or liver tumors should be suspected. An increase in creatinine by more than 133 µmol / l indicates a violation of kidney function.

General urinalysis in dogs

It includes both a visual assessment of transparency and color, and its chemical composition.

• The urine of a healthy dog ​​should be yellow. A significant change in its color can indicate serious diseases: bilirubinemia (color of beer), hematuria (red-brown), leukocyturia (milky white), myoglobinuria (black urine).
• Cloudy urine may indicate the presence of bacteria or a large amount of salts in it.
• At chemical analysis urine, the level of glucose, protein, ketone bodies, urobilinogen and bilirubin in it is assessed.
• Glucose in the urine of a healthy dog ​​should not be. Its presence can be explained either by a violation of the processes of glucose filtration and reabsorption in the kidneys, or by a high concentration of glucose in the blood. This indicates acute renal failure or diabetes mellitus.
• The norm of protein content in the urine is its amount up to 0.3 g / l. The reasons for its increase may be destructive processes or chronic infections in the kidneys, in the urinary tract, hemolytic anemia or