Viral staphylococcus. Causes of staphylococcal diseases

In wildlife there are a large number of harmful microorganisms that are a potential threat to human health. Among these are Staphylococcus Aureus, which represent a group of gram-positive bacteria that are nonmotile in nature.

What is staphylococcus

Such pests can come into contact with humans without causing a relapse. Danger appears when a microbe enters the body, enters the systemic bloodstream and spreads the infection to internal organs and systems. If a person knows what staphylococcus is, he also knows how dangerous the active phase of this pathogenic microorganism is.

The threat to the body lies in the fact that staphylococcus is a toxic microorganism capable of producing toxic enzymes. These products of microbial activity have a destructive effect on cells, disrupt the integrity of subcutaneous tissue and connective tissue, and contribute to the formation of foci of necrosis at the cellular level. This is especially dangerous for the state of the nervous system, skin, and other internal systems of the body.

Types of staphylococcus

There are 27 known strains, including saprophytic, golden, hemolytic and epidermal. Each microorganism is a dangerous pest in relation to the human body, the differences lie in the areas of exposure, duration incubation period, degree of intoxication of the body. Studying the forms of staphylococcus, it becomes obvious that it is especially important to destroy the pathogenic flora in a timely manner. Otherwise, its spread leads to irreversible consequences for the patient’s body.

Staphylococcus aureus

This is the most dangerous look microbe, which is especially common in environment. Organisms of all age categories are susceptible to infection. Staphylococcus aureus spares neither children, nor women, nor pensioners. It affects almost all internal systems and organs, while responding slowly to antibiotics. Intensive therapy is long and not always successful, especially if the patient’s body is weakened. Potential diseases that can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus are presented below:

pneumonia;
staphylococcal sepsis;
intoxication of the body;
osteomyelitis;
staphylococcal sepsis;
toxic shock;
purulent lesion of the skin.

Staphylococcus epidermidis

If such a pathogenic infection manifests itself in the body, the clinical outcome is not the most favorable. The habitat of this pest is the mucous membrane and skin. Staphylococcus epidermidis long time behaves passively and does not harm the human body. If the state of the immune system leaves much to be desired, infection occurs with subsequent penetration of the microbe into the blood. When the systemic bloodstream becomes infected, an inflammatory process of the endocardium develops. When there is no treatment, the patient's body suffers death.

This is another species of Staphylococcus spp. The microbe lives on the body mainly of women in the area of primary sexual characteristics, the zone urethra(urethra). At the time of infection with saprophytic staphylococcus, the genitourinary system of the body comes under attack, and the development of cystitis, urethritis and others is possible. infectious diseases. The lesions are not so extensive; antibiotic treatment provides stable therapeutic effect.

Staphylococcal infection

When pathogenic flora penetrates, a long incubation period does not allow one to detect the disease in one’s own body. Time passes, and staphylococcus has an impact on all internal organs and body systems, causing a complete imbalance in the body. Staphylococcal infection can progress in the throat, causing sore throats; or predominate on the mucous membrane of the eyes, becoming the main cause of the progressive degree of myopia. The earlier the disease is treated, the greater the chances of avoiding dangerous consequences for the body.

How is staphylococcus transmitted?

Before treating a growing disease, it is important to find out the route of infection in order to exclude reinfection. Since the microbe predominates on the upper layer of the epidermis, its injury and loss of integrity can become the main reason for the penetration of pathogenic flora into the body. Infection with staphylococcus is ensured if the immune system is weakened and the person has been in contact with a carrier of this microbe. The routes of transmission of infection into the body are as follows:

Medical instruments. In the absence of aseptic rules, you can become infected in the same district clinic during a routine examination by a therapist.
Fecal-oral route. Failure to comply with personal hygiene rules, contact with the feces of sick animals, consumption of contaminated products, and infection with staphylococcus are guaranteed.
Household way. It's about non-compliance sanitary standards in your own home, when you have to share an area with a large layer of dust.
Contact and household path. This is the most common way of infecting the body, when the patient uses someone else’s personal hygiene products and comes into contact with a carrier of the microbe.
Airborne path. Staphylococcus enters the body through the air, for example, when the carrier of the infection coughs or sneezes.

Staphylococcus - symptoms

At first, the pathogenic flora does not manifest itself in any way; the incubation period lasts up to 14 days. The foci of damage are the “weak spots” of the body, for example, the mucous membrane of the throat or intestines, injured skin. The answer to the question of how staphylococcus manifests itself cannot be unambiguous, since the intensity of the symptoms completely depends on the actual state of the patient’s immunity. In general, the body experiences the following changes in general well-being:

hyperemia and itching of the skin against the background of progressive inflammatory process, pyoderma;
rhinitis, cough, sputum production, change in tongue color and other signs of a cold with a wide area of the nasopharynx and larynx;
increased swelling of the skin due to excessive permeability vascular walls;
bacteriostatic effect with sharp increase temperature conditions, fever in the body;
classic signs of intoxication of the body, mainly food poisoning, characteristic of adults and children;
damage to the throat, pharynx and ears in infancy with visible swelling and redness of characteristic areas;
pneumonia, bronchitis due to large-scale infection of the lung tissue, disruption of natural ventilation of the lungs.

Staphylococcus in children

The disease also appears in childhood, and it is difficult to remove and neutralize pathogenic flora. After the incubation period is over, the little patient experiences acute attacks of a cold and complains of symptoms of food poisoning. The child's body is not able to cope with increased load, therefore, the signs of staphylococcus in an infant are identical to recurrent bronchitis and pneumonia. In addition, doctors do not rule out skin rashes and other manifestations of an acute allergic reaction in a sick infant.

Staphylococcus in women

Such an infectious disease occurs in gynecology when, after an instrumental examination and bacteriological studies, a doctor discovers this harmful microorganism in a smear for flora. Symptoms of the pathology are much more likely to worsen during pregnancy, since the woman’s body is weakened.” interesting situation" It is problematic to talk about treatment; there is a risk of intrauterine infection. If staphylococcus predominates in women, the signs of the disease are similar to thrush, another infectious process. This:

itching and swelling of the labia;
hyperemia of the upper layer of the epidermis;
vaginal discharge;
increased nervousness of the patient;
ulcers in the area of primary sexual characteristics.

Staphylococcus in men

A dangerous infection can rapidly develop in the male body, but in such cases in a wide range medical practice far less. Staphylococcus in adult men manifests itself as progressive urethritis, prostatitis, prostate adenoma, pneumonia and bronchitis. The course of the pathological process can begin with a barely noticeable sore throat, and end with an acute attack requiring further hospitalization.

Staphylococcus - treatment

A pathogenic infection can be determined by a set of blood and urine tests performed, which are recommended by the doctor. Otherwise, treating staphylococcus is ineffective. If you determine what could cause the infection and what type of microbe it produces, there will be no problems with choosing an intensive care method. The treatment regimen depends on the age category of the patient, since an infant and an adult can get sick equally. Requires the use of antibiotics.

Antibiotics for staphylococcus

If there is a suspicion of staphylococcus, what it is will be explained and diagnosed by the attending physician. Bacterioscopic seeding determines the presence of pathogenic flora and its type. Only after this are antibiotics prescribed in tablets and injections that can kill harmful flora. For any degree of myopia, it is important to take a responsible approach to the choice of medications and eliminate potential complications. Below are the most effective medicines this pharmacological group, which cause a stable and long-lasting effect. This:

Clindamycin;
Oxacillin;
Cephalexin;
Amoxicillin;
Vancomycin;
Erythromycin;
Cefazolin;
Cephalothin;
Cloxacillin.

With increased activity of the harmful fungus, such antibiotics provide a negative effect. In other clinical situations, they can be safely given for staphylococcus, preferably not on an empty stomach and with a sufficient volume of liquid. The course of intensive therapy is no more than 10-12 days, otherwise the microbe will experience an “accustoming effect” to the medicine.

Vaccination against staphylococcus

It is advisable to discuss this important issue individually with a local pediatrician or therapist, depending on the patient’s age. Preventive vaccination from staphylococcus and bacteriophage form stable immunity to such pathogenic flora. Whether to do it or not is decided by the patient or his parents (with protection child's body). The staphylococcal vaccine is especially in demand for the body.

Video: how to treat staphylococcus

Instructions

Staphylococcus enters the body by airborne droplets. If the mucous membranes and skin are clean, undamaged, and persistent, then most likely the staphylococcal infection will be defeated. If the body cannot cope with the fight against staphylococcus, then foci of infection on the skin and mucous membranes will not take long to appear. When the body cannot keep pathogenic microbes on the skin, they penetrate deeper and affect the internal organs.

Staphylococcus is the causative agent of very dangerous diseases. If you have boils, abscesses, carbuncles, or a scarlet-like rash, then the reason for this is staphylococcus. Staphylococcus a new, generalized infection that causes bone damage, toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia and pleurisy, enteritis and enterocolitis, staphylococcal and brain abscess, barley - this is not a complete list of diseases that arise as a result of staphylococcus entering the body.

To confirm that it was staphylococcus that caused the infection, it is necessary to identify its causative agent. To do this, the patient's stool, urine, sputum, blood, purulent contents or cerebrospinal fluid are taken for examination. In the laboratory, the pathogen is determined and its sensitivity to antibiotic drugs is examined for the purpose of prescribing effective treatment.

Depending on which organ or system was affected by staphylococcal infection, it is determined. In the fight against staphylococcus, antimicrobial drugs are used, i.e. antibiotics. The dose and method of administration depends on specific case. Antiseptic substances are also used to treat pustular rashes. As a measure to combat intoxication, the patient is prescribed immunostimulants. Concomitant symptoms (fever, dehydration, etc.) also require treatment.

Staphylococcus (Staphylococcus) is a genus of gram-positive, non-motile bacteria, some of which (saprophytic, epidermal and aureus) can cause purulent skin diseases, sore throat, pneumonia, enterocolitis, nervous system disorders and other infections, sometimes resulting in death. The cause of staphylococcal infection is reduced immunity, poor diet, stress, unfavorable ecological situation etc.

Instructions

Externally, dehydration of the body can be determined by sunken eyeballs(pointed inner corners of the eyes), tired appearance, dryness, sagging, peeling skin, early appearance wrinkles, dull hair, brittle nails.

Dehydration may also present with atypical signs, such as chronic fatigue And constant feeling hunger. And this is due to the accumulation of large quantities harmful substances, for the removal of which water, as well as with a large consumption of energy by dehydrated cells. And since its source is food, a constant desire to eat develops. The consequence of an insatiable appetite is overweight.

Another atypical sign of dehydration is slagging in the body. The process of accumulation of harmful substances occurs constantly. Due to lack of water, sodium is retained, which preserves waste. A large accumulation of toxins can be judged by frequent headaches, unpleasant body odor, foul-smelling sweat, discharge from the mucous membranes, poor condition skin, hair and nails, unhealthy complexion.

Chronic dehydration causes many diseases, especially of the circulatory and cardiovascular systems. Undoubtedly, a number of unfavorable factors contribute to their development, but lack of water is one of them. Diseases of dehydration include hypertension, hypotension, atherosclerosis, bronchial asthma, genitourinary and digestive systems.

Staphylococci are microscopic bacteria. They tend to gather in colonies. Under high magnification, colonies of these organisms resemble bunches of grapes. This is where the name staphylococcus comes from, since staphylos means “bunch of grapes” in Greek. Today, about 40 species of staphylococci are known. Three of them call serious illnesses person.

Instructions

1. Saprophytic staphylococcus (Staphylococcus saprophyticus) is the least dangerous of the pathogenic staphylococci. It is part of the normal microflora of the female genital tract and perineum. In women 17-27 years old, saprophytic staphylococcus, the second most common cause of infectious diseases after Escherichia coli urinary tract: acute cystitis, inflammation of the bladder, etc. Bacteria from the flora of the vagina and perineum move into the urethra. Infection usually occurs within 24 hours after sex. Therefore, the infection is often called “cystitis”. Saprophytic, like all staphylococci, is quite resistant to antibiotics.

2. Staphylococcus epidermidis (Staphylococcus epidermidis) is part of the normal microflora of human skin. It has become a real punishment for surgeons who deal with internal prosthetics. This microbe has shown the ability to grow on plastic devices placed in human body. Most often on intravenous boats and medical prostheses. As a result, blood poisoning or inflammation of the lining of the heart may occur. Antibiotics are largely ineffective against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Treatment consists of removing or replacing the implants. Ideally, infection should be prevented.

3. Staphylococcus aureus (Staphylococcus aureus) is the most dangerous representative of the staphylococcal tribe for humans. Its name was given by its appearance. It has a golden hue, unlike other staphylococci, which are colorless. It is estimated that approximately twenty percent of the human population are permanent carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. It can be found in normal microflora skin and nose. Staphylococcus aureus can cause a number of diseases. For minor skin infections such as pimples, impetigo, boils, carbuncles, abscesses. To life-threatening diseases: pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia and sepsis. This bacterium is one of the five most common nosocomial infections and often causes postoperative wound infections. And the emergence of antibiotic-resistant forms of Staphylococcus aureus has become a worldwide problem for clinical medicine.

Sources:

Staphylococcus in 2019
Staphylococcus saprophyticus in 2019
Staphylococcus epidermidis in 2019
Staphylococcus aureus in 2019

Staphylococcus is one of the fairly popular and common bacteria. Today there are about 27 types of cocci that cause certain diseases in the human body. Purulent, inflammatory - such processes are caused by the activity of these bacteria.

To obtain more reliable results, doctors recommend repeating the collection of material and its delivery 2 more times with an interval of 1-2 days.

Staphylococcus is a migratory bacterium, so it can be found both in the mucous membranes of the nose and on the skin. Accordingly, it is necessary, based on the area of your body that has been affected by the activity of this microorganism.

So, for example, if there are problems with the stomach or intestines, you will have to test feces for opportunistic or pathogenic microflora. For research, you need to collect fresh ones after natural bowel movements. They must be collected immediately, placed in a clean container and delivered to the laboratory within a maximum of 3 hours.

If you suffer from prolonged and frequent sore throats, bronchitis and other pulmonary diseases, you will have to be tested for staphylococcus from the throat. As a rule, this is a regular smear. It is necessary to take such an analysis strictly on an empty stomach, so that bacteria that multiply when food enters the mouth do not mix and blur the picture.

You should not even brush your teeth before taking a throat swab. If you ignore these recommendations, the analysis will have to be retaken. After all, the result will be incorrect.

If there is a suspicion that they are infected (this is indirectly indicated by pus, inflammation and others), it will be necessary to collect eye discharge for analysis. You should not wash your face before donating. If there is copious purulent discharge, you need to use a sterile swab. Pus for analysis is collected carefully from the outer to the inner corner of the eye. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the tampon does not touch while moving.

If the skin is affected, you will need to take a scraping. First, treat the skin around the wound. antiseptic, and then using a special swab, the discharge from the wound is taken.

The importance of taking material to be tested for staphylococcus

Staphylococcus can live in the human body for years, causing various diseases - both quite mild and serious. Moreover, both of them can easily become chronic. Therefore, it is very important to get tested on time in order to start treatment as quickly as possible.

All types of tests for staphylococcus are painless and quite simple. However, you should very strictly follow the recommendations for preparing for the study in order to get correct result.

Forewarned is forearmed. Sometimes you need to know about certain phenomena in order to be informed and ready to defend yourself and fight. Staphylococcus can be very dangerous, so you need to know something about its characteristics, manifestations and treatment.

Staphylococcal infection- infectious diseases, manifested in the formation of purulent-inflammatory foci, intoxication of the body. The causative agent of the disease is staphylococcus bacteria. The objects of the virus, as a rule, are people with reduced immunity, weakened after suffering a viral infection, with the presence chronic diseases. People taking certain medications, such as antidepressants, antibiotics, are also susceptible to staphylococcal infection. The pathogen is transmitted through contact with a sick staphylococcus or its carrier. Bacteria can be transmitted by airborne droplets, airborne dust, and also by everyday means(shared dishes, towels, handshakes, etc.). There are frequent cases when the carrier of staphylococcus is hospital staff who have a strong immunity to these bacteria, but pose a danger to those with a weakened body. The bacteria enter through the mucous membranes (nose, mouth, genitourinary area) and damaged areas of the skin. A purulent-inflammatory process soon forms in the infected area, which progresses if not treated in a timely manner. It manifests itself in a variety of ways - skin lesions, panaritium, furunculosis, sore throat, conjunctivitis, etc. Even death is possible. Staphylococcus is resistant to antibiotics, so before starting treatment, the doctor needs to determine which antibiotic the staphylococcus is sensitive to and, in accordance with the results of the analysis, determine treatment. Treatment is carried out through the use of antibiotics, complex therapy (physiotherapy, immunotherapy, sanitation of purulent foci). In some cases it is necessary hospital treatment.

Video on the topic

Sources:

Staphylococcus
what is staphylococcus how to treat

If a newborn child begins to get sick often, never gets out of ARVI, has constant snot and cough, then it is possible that this child is infected staphylococcus. Usually, upon hearing such a diagnosis, young mothers panic. However, staphylococcus is perfectly treatable. The main thing is not to put off visiting the doctor.

Staphylococcus aureus is a nonmotile, gram-positive, spherical bacterium. It got its name due to its golden color due to the presence of carotenoid pigments.

The microorganism belongs to the so-called commensal bacteria: it forms entire colonies on the skin and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, vagina, etc. Approximately 20% of the world's population are carriers of staphylococcus, and the bacterium may not manifest itself in any way, since its presence on the skin or in the nasal mucosa does not lead to a response from the body.

According to statistics from the World Health Organization, Staphylococcus aureus holds the record for the number of infections in medical institutions.

People with weak immune systems are at risk, including patients whose immune system is suppressed artificially for installation of implants or organ transplant surgery.

Staphylococcus is the causative agent of many diseases - from skin diseases (impetigo, acne, cellulitis, carbuncle, furuncle, abscess) to very dangerous ones, many of which can be fatal (meningitis, pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, toxic shock, sepsis).

Often the bacterium becomes the cause of postoperative wound infections and purulent inflammations.

Favorite places for staphylococcus to settle are the nasal passages, armpits, less often - larynx (See), perineal area, scalp, organs gastrointestinal tract(Cm. ).

The most common carriers of Staphylococcus aureus are health workers, as well as patients diagnosed with atopic dermatitis and drug addicts.

Causes and possible routes of infection

The infection enters the human body in several ways: airborne, household, and food.

Oddly enough, the likelihood of becoming infected with Staphylococcus aureus is highest in hospitals and other medical institutions.
Infection can be caused by dirty hands, insufficiently sterile medical instruments and other supplies.
The risk increases significantly if it is necessary to use an intravenous catheter, devices artificial ventilation lungs, intravenous nutrition or hemodialysis.
The likelihood of infection is high when tattooing or piercing is done without observing the necessary sanitary and hygienic standards.
A favorable background for the development of pathology is: weak immunity, dysbiosis, infections of an endogenous and exogenous nature.

Diagnostic methods

To identify staphylococcus, a stool test is performed. A preventive check is prescribed if the presence of staphylococcus is suspected, for employees medical institutions, including maternity hospitals.

Staphylococcus aureus is the only coagulase-positive pathogenic staphylococcus, for this reason diagnosis is made through a coagulase test.

Degrees of Staphylococcus aureus

According to accepted standards, stage 4 staphylococcus detected as a result of tests is considered normal. In this case, you can limit yourself to preventive measures: strengthen the immune system, replenish the lack of vitamins, monitor hygiene, prevent heavy sweating, avoid injury.

Staphylococcus 10 in the 4th degree does not pose a great danger, but it certainly requires appropriate treatment, especially since this type of bacterium is the most difficult to treat: the strain quickly develops resistance to a certain antibiotic. Medications Only a specialist can prescribe it. The assigned course must be completed to the end.

Symptoms of infection

Leather

Depending on the method and location of penetration, Staphylococcus aureus can lead to the development skin diseases: boils, carbuncles, phlegmon, abscesses.

When the hair follicle is damaged, thickening, redness and soreness of the skin are observed. If the source of infection spreads to several hair follicles and sebaceous glands a carbuncle develops. Its appearance is accompanied by general weakness and fever. Most often, the inflammatory process is localized on the skin of the face, neck, buttocks and thighs. Squeezing boils or carbuncles leads to the spread of infection.

With deep damage to the skin, phlegmon or an abscess develops, which is characterized by suppuration of the tissue.

External signs of these processes: redness of the affected area of the skin, swelling, pain, local and general increase in temperature.

Bones and joints

Staphylococcus can enter the bone marrow during surgical intervention. In this case, it leads to bone inflammation (osteomyelitis).

The initial stage of the disease is characterized by the appearance of general weakness, fatigue, muscle and joint pain. As the pathology progresses, a focus of necrosis (pus) appears, which leads to acute, boring pain that intensifies when walking. The temperature rises to 39-40 degrees. The skin on the affected area becomes red and painful, and there is swelling. The inflammatory process gradually spreads to the periosteum, muscles and subcutaneous tissue, resulting in the formation of a passage in the form of a fistula, which breaks out.

Respiratory system

If the respiratory system is affected, staphylococcal tonsillitis may develop. It is characterized by severe sore throat, significant enlargement of lymph nodes, and increased temperature. When examining the tonsils, purulent plaque is found on them.

Staphylococcus aureus can lead to pneumonia with quite severe course, which is characterized high degree intoxication.

The disease is accompanied by chest pain, shortness of breath, and the formation of abscesses in the respiratory organs.

Gastrointestinal tract

The bacterium can enter the gastrointestinal tract with contaminated food. 2-6 hours after eating, signs of toxicosis begin to appear: dry mouth, nausea, periodic vomiting, diarrhea and paroxysmal abdominal pain. In some cases, symptoms disappear after one day.

Severe disease leads to dehydration (as a result of frequent vomiting and diarrhea).

Other symptoms of foodborne staphylococcus infection are: pallor, sharpened facial features, dizziness, weakness, low blood pressure.

Systemic diseases

One of the most serious diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus poisons is toxic shock.

It is characterized by an acute onset: the temperature rises to 39 degrees, headaches, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting appear. Patients' blood pressure decreases and their heart rate increases.

There is hyperemia of the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth, and the conjunctiva of the eyes.

Individual areas or the entire body are covered with a spotty rash. After 7-10 days, peeling of the skin begins.

In women, toxic shock can be caused by using contaminated tampons. In this case, it leads to the appearance purulent discharge from the vagina.

As the pathology progresses, the functioning of the heart and kidneys is disrupted, which causes a reduction in the amount of urine excreted and the appearance of severe edema.

Treatment of staphylococcus

Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus is not an easy task, since the bacterium quickly develops resistance to a certain type of antibiotic.

The set of measures includes the use of sulafanilamide drugs, antibacterial medications, immunomodulators (medicines based on ginseng, cordyceps, milk thistle, eleutherococcus, echinacea, Chinese magnolia vine, rhodiola). Therapy should also be aimed at normalizing metabolic processes. Patients are prescribed vitamins, dietary supplements, and mineral complexes.

It is also provided surgery, which consists of eliminating foci of pus, removing boils, abscesses, etc.

It is strictly forbidden to squeeze out boils or carbuncles yourself. This can cause the infection to spread, involving new areas in the pathological process, and if it enters the bloodstream, the infection can penetrate the brain and lead to meningitis.

CONCLUSIONS:

The bacterium settles on the skin and mucous membranes and may not manifest itself in any way.
Staphylococcus is the causative agent of many diseases - from mild skin infections to deadly ailments
Symptoms of infection vary depending on how the bacteria entered and the pathology it causes.
Treatment is prescribed taking into account the specific disease and includes taking antibiotics, measures to strengthen the immune system, and surgical removal of skin inflammation

Staphylococcal infection lives with a person for thousands of years, always waiting for the moment to deal a dangerous blow to health. Often the culprit of the disease is the person himself, who neglects basic hygiene rules. The danger is compounded by the fact that some types of staphylococcus are resistant to antibiotics and other means of combating them. To get rid of the danger of infection, it is important to know what the infection is, how it manifests itself and what needs to be done to destroy it.

What is staphylococcus

The bacterium Staphylococcus has become famous due to its pathogenicity and prevalence. It is a non-motile spherical microorganism of the Staphylococcus family. The bacterium belongs to the group of anaerobic, non-motile, opportunistic microorganisms. It has an enzymatic and oxidative type of metabolism. The diameter of microorganism species is in the range of 0.6-1.2 microns.

The bacteria spread in clusters (similar to grapes). This is due to their name, which consists of two ancient Greek words – grapes and grain. The presence of a limited number of staphylococci on the body surface (skin, oropharynx and nasopharynx) is normal. Penetration of the microorganism into deeper layers is associated with increased sensitivity to waste products. The cells of the human body begin to experience stress from exo- and endotoxins.

Negative symptoms poisoning gradually increases and leads to the development of pneumonia, sepsis, dysfunction of the digestive and nervous systems of the body, toxic shock and purulent skin lesions. The pathogenicity of the microorganism manifests itself only in the presence of favorable conditions for this. Often the activity of a bacterium is a secondary manifestation of some underlying disease, for example, associated with a blow to the immune system.

The likelihood of a negative impact of a bacterium depends on a combination of two factors: the penetration of the microorganism inside against a background of weakened immunity. There are several main routes of infection:

Airborne: this route is associated with the season of respiratory diseases, when bacteria enter the body along with air currents in which microscopic droplets of infected sputum expelled (by sneezing or coughing) are dispersed.
Contact household: when using contaminated items common use or personal hygiene items healthy person strains of bacteria can be transmitted.
Airborne dust: dust concentrates a large volume of microscopic fragments of substances (animal hair, skin, pollen, fabric, etc.) on which streptococci can live.
Medical: Insufficient cleaning of surgical instruments or resistance of a particular strain of microorganism significantly increases the risk of infection.
Oral-fecal: neglect of the rules of personal hygiene leads mainly to diseases such as hepatitis and botulism. Testing required.

Kinds

The number of staphylococcus species discovered by science is constantly growing and today more than 50 different varieties have been identified. Humanity deals mainly with aureus, epidermal, saprophytic and hemolytic species of bacteria. Each type has its own distinctive features:

1. Staphylococcus aureus is defined as the most dangerous and common. Women and men of all age groups are at risk of infection. The bacterium is unusually tenacious and resistant to aggressive factors (high temperature, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, antibiotics), and therefore requires systematic treatment. Signs of Staphylococcus aureus: food poisoning, sepsis, heart damage, the appearance of ulcers in the kidneys, liver, tissue atrophy. Penetration into the organ of hearing causes harm in the form of otitis media and symptoms of ear pus.

2. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a subspecies of Staphylococcus aureus and is particularly resistant to antibiotics. Causes pneumonia and sepsis.

3. Staphylococcus epidermidis is a common occurrence in any area of human skin. With a decrease in immunity or damage to the skin, it can exhibit pathogenic properties and lead to dangerous consequences(for example, upon penetration into the blood, inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and follicles may begin).

4. Saprophytic staphylococcus lives mainly on the epidermal integument of the genital area and mucous membranes of the genitourinary system. This bacterium is responsible for diseases such as urethritis and cystitis.

5. Hemolytic staphylococcus in the blood mainly affects the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, causing diseases such as tonsillitis and tonsillitis. Particularly densely localized on the tonsils and in the nasopharynx, the bacterium begins to show activity when the body is hypothermic.

Symptoms

Infection with staphylococcus manifests itself in a variety of symptoms, which depend on the location of the affected area. Common symptoms of infection:

increased body temperature;
hyperemia;
folliculitis, acne, carbunculosis, eczema;
swelling;
rhinitis, sinusitis;
cholecystitis;
osteomyelitis;
insomnia;
toxic shock syndrome;
nausea and vomiting;
cough with yellow-green purulent discharge;
loss of appetite;
mucus and blood in stool;
purulent plaque in the nasopharynx and enlarged tonsils.

On the skin

Skin lesions due to staphylococcal infection are divided into several severe diseases, which are characterized by their own symptoms:

Cellulitis: a rapidly spreading purulent skin lesion, in which the affected area becomes swollen and hyperemic, the temperature rises, launched form leads to tissue necrosis.
Pyoderma: infection of the upper layers of the epidermis is expressed in the form of blisters with pus, the body temperature rises.
Panaritium: the affected skin around the nail turns red, soreness and fever appear.
Furunculosis: begins with small redness, in which cells gradually die in the central part, where pus begins to form.
Staphylococcal sepsis: the infection enters the bloodstream and spreads throughout the body, which is characterized by the widespread formation of ulcers.

In the nose

The nasal cavities are capable of concentrating a very large number of staphylococci, which manifests itself the following symptoms:

redness and destruction of the epithelium lining the sinuses;
prolonged runny nose;
nasal congestion;
intoxication (in some cases, toxic shock);
in advanced cases, pustules form on the nasal mucosa, which can weaken the sense of smell.

In the mouth

Oral cavity has favorable conditions for the development of staphylococci, therefore weakened immunity entails the proliferation of bacteria and the following symptoms:

pain that gets worse when swallowing;
swollen lymph nodes;
dizziness;
decreased appetite;
redness of the tonsils and purulent plaque on them;
in advanced cases - pustules in the mouth.

In the throat

The development of staphylococcal infection in the throat leads to diseases such as pharyngitis, tonsillitis and laryngitis. For each disease there is a number characteristic symptoms:

Staphylococcal tonsillitis begins with a rise in temperature to 40 degrees, then redness of the tonsils and pharynx appears, an easily detachable purulent plaque forms on the tonsils, weakness, headache, chills, sore throat (radiating to the temple), loss of appetite.
Staphylococcal pharyngitis is characterized by inflammation of the throat, accumulation of viscous substances on the back of the throat, hoarseness, desquamation of the epithelium of the throat, fatigue, temperature.
Staphylococcal laryngitis is characterized by inflammation of the larynx (often with damage to the trachea), the appearance of purulent discharge, sore throat, change in voice (even loss), dry cough (gradually becomes wet), expectorated sputum, and a slight increase in temperature.

In the lungs

The penetration and reproduction of staphylococcal infection in the lungs can be a complication of acute respiratory infections or influenza and leads to the development of pneumonia. The symptoms are as follows:

constant chills;
severe shortness of breath;
intoxication of the body;
blood in expectorated sputum;
abscess;
pyopneumothorax (penetration of air and pus into the pleural fissure);
in some cases - sepsis.

In the intestines

The penetration of a staphylococcal infection into the body very quickly leads to the development of symptoms of poisoning, among which the following pay more attention:

vomiting (especially pronounced in children);
the consistency of stool becomes liquid;
increased urge to have bowel movements;
sharp pain in the lower abdomen;
slight increase body temperature;
loss of appetite;
fatigue and headache.

Symptoms in children

Infection of children with staphylococcus can lead to the development of epidemics, group, sporadic and family diseases. Epidemic outbreaks are registered in maternity hospitals or departments for newborn children; they cover schools, kindergartens, and camps. More often, the infection is caused by contaminated food; the bacteria successfully develop in the warm season, causing poisoning.

Newborns become infected with pathogens from their mother or doctors. The main route of transmission of infection is nutritional, when microbes enter the milk of a mother with mastitis. Preschoolers and schoolchildren become infected by consuming low quality products nutrition. There is also an airborne method of transmitting microorganisms. As the pathogen multiplies, it releases enterotoxins, which leads to the development of gastroenterocolitis.

The high susceptibility of children to staphylococcus is due to a number of factors. These include:

reduced local immunity of the respiratory and digestive system;
lack or absence of immunoglobulin A, which is responsible for the local defense of the body;
vulnerability of mucous membranes and skin;
weak bactericidal activity of saliva;
diathesis, malnutrition, other pathologies;
long-term treatment with antibiotics and corticosteroids.

Symptoms of staphylococcus in children manifest themselves in two forms of infection - local and generalized. The first includes rhinitis, conjunctivitis, nasopharyngitis. The pathologies are characterized by a mild course and rare cases of poisoning. Infants with a local form lose weight, have a weak appetite, and are less likely to experience a general deterioration in their condition and developed local symptoms.

Skin disease due to infection with staphylococcus occurs in the form of phlegmon, folliculitis, hidradenitis, furunculosis, pyoderma. These conditions are accompanied by regional lymphangitis and lymphadenitis. Newborns are characterized by epidemic pemphigus, which manifests itself as a rash, focal redness of the skin with clear contours. Afterwards, the skin peels off, revealing large blisters underneath.

If the bacterium develops in the throat of children, acute tonsillitis or pharyngitis, against the background of acute respiratory viral infections possible manifestation of staphylococcal tonsillitis. Its symptoms: sore throat, poisoning, fever, solid white or yellow loose coating on the tonsils, arches, and uvula. The plaque may have a purulent discharge and can be easily removed. When examined by a doctor, diffuse hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the throat without a clear contour is visible.

The most severe pathology for young children is staphylococcal pneumonia, which threatens the development of abscesses. The child’s health condition deteriorates sharply and may manifest respiratory failure. The baby becomes lethargic, pale, sleepy, vomits, regurgitates, and refuses to eat. The danger of pneumonia is possible death - this is facilitated by the formation of bullae in the lungs, the development of an abscess and purulent pleurisy or pneumothorax.

In children 2-3 years old, staphylococcal inflammation of the larynx occurs, which develops rapidly, without clear symptoms. A combination of laryngitis and inflammation of the bronchi or lungs may occur. Scarlet fever-like syndrome is manifested by infection of wounds, burns, development of phlegmon, osteomyelitis, lymphadenitis. Symptoms of staphylococcus: a rash on the reddened skin of the body, after it disappears, peeling remains.

Staphylococcus aureus affects the digestive tract. Initially, gastroenteritis develops, accompanied by symptoms of intoxication and dyspepsia. Symptoms: the child is vomiting, has a stomach ache, fever, dizziness, and weakness. If inflammation affects the small intestine, repeated diarrhea begins. Staphylococcal sepsis often occurs in newborn premature babies. Microbes enter through the umbilical wound, damaged skin, respiratory organs, ears. Symptoms: poisoning, skin rashes, abscesses in internal organs.

Why is staphylococcus dangerous?

The danger is pathogenic staphylococcus. It can affect any organ, and its consequences will be unpredictable, because the microorganism causes diseases that can become chronic. Staphylococcus aureus is more common in the nose and throat than in other organs. It can affect the nasopharynx, brain, intestines, lungs, and cause diseases that can be fatal. Pathogen hazards:

Blood poisoning - the septic form affects the internal organs of the digestive tract after food poisoning and superficial manifestations on the skin. The cause of sepsis is untimely treatment of the symptoms of the disease.
Endocarditis – infection of the heart valves inner layers heart muscle. Symptoms: joint pain, increased heart rate, decreased performance, increased body temperature. Endocarditis can lead to heart failure.
Meningitis is a purulent inflammation of the membranes of the brain. Symptoms: high body temperature, headache, nausea and vomiting, convulsions. Mortality from the disease is 30%.
Toxic shock syndrome is a shock reaction of the body in response to the penetration of an infection inside. Symptoms: increased body temperature, repeated vomiting, diarrhea, sudden drop blood pressure. Possible death.
Pleural empyema is a disease of the lining of the lungs, manifested by fever and loss of voice.
Pyelonephritis is an inflammation of the kidneys that threatens the development of kidney failure.

Treatment

The first symptoms of staphylococcus in adults should be a reason to consult a doctor for a prescription. adequate treatment. The therapy consists of two stages - the destruction of pathogenic flora by taking antibiotics and strengthening the immune system through immunostimulation. Antibacterial therapy methods will help eliminate the symptoms of Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics are prescribed after diagnosing the disease and identifying the exact causative agent of the disease. Popular drugs are:

Amoxicillin - suppresses the growth of infection, prevents it from multiplying, reduces negative impact on the body, blocks the production of peptidoglycan.
Baneocin is an ointment for the treatment of affected skin. Includes two antibiotics - neomycin and bacitracin.
Vancomycin – leads to the death of bacteria, blocks components of the cell membrane. It is administered intravenously.
Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Clarithromycin are drugs from the same group that block the production of proteins vital for staphylococci.
Cloxacillin - prevents bacteria from multiplying, blocks the production of cell membrane components. It is prescribed intravenously.
Mupirocin – antibacterial ointment, used externally. Contains Bonderm, Bactroban, Supirocin.
Oxacillin – blocks cell division and destroys them. It is taken in tablet and injection format.
Cefazolin, Cephalexin, Cefalotin, Cefotaxime are drugs from the cephalosporin group. Block the synthesis of cell membrane components.

In addition to the use of antibiotics, a popular treatment method for staphylococcal infections is the use of bacteriophages. These are viruses that act against a specific strain of pathogenic pathogen. They are safe for the body and do not cause side effects and have virtually no contraindications. A popular treatment for diseases caused by bacteria is staphylococcal bacteriophage.

It is available in a solution format that can be taken orally or used for local application (externally, rectally, intravaginally, irrigation of drained cavities). Viruses contained within destroy cells pathogenic microflora. Bacteriophages are suitable for use from newborns. The average dosage is 10-20 ml at a time. The course of treatment is 7-20 days.

Surgical methods treatments can be used for a purulent form of staphylococcal infection, which cannot be treated with other methods or threatens serious complications. Surgeon intervention is indicated when opening boils and abscesses. All actions are carried out strictly in a hospital; it is unacceptable to manipulate boils or ulcers at home.

After the destruction of pathogenic bacteria, immunostimulation can be carried out. The drugs in this division normalize immune function and reduce the risk of recurrent infection. Popular clinical procedures:

Autohemotransfusion is the transfusion of one's own blood. During the procedure, a small amount of blood is taken from a vein from the patient and injected intramuscularly. Decomposition products stimulate the immune system and improve the condition urinary system. The procedure is used to treat chronic furunculosis.
Injections of microbial preparations (Pyrogenal) - have a nonspecific stimulating effect on the host’s immunity.
The use of vitamin-mineral complexes - immunodeficiency is often accompanied by vitamin deficiency and a lack of minerals. Taking dietary supplements helps to cope with this. The use of multivitamins in spring and autumn is justified.
Bacterial lysates– a fragmented multibacterial culture that enters the body and provokes an immune response and the production of antibodies. The drugs have no contraindications and are not addictive. TO popular means include Imudon, IRS-19, Respibron, Bronchomunal.
Staphylococcal toxoid – contains toxin from staphylococcus grown in laboratory conditions. It is purified, neutralized, and administered parenterally to adults in order to form strong immunity. This drug is contraindicated for children. The insertion is carried out for 10 days, under the shoulder blade.
Vaccination with staphylococcal antiphagin is a complex of ready-made antigens for all types of staphylococcus. Vaccination is carried out from six months of age; a mandatory condition is a body weight of over 2.5 kg.
Complex immunoglobulin preparation KIP is produced from dried donor blood. It is a protein powder rich in three types of antibodies. The universal complex has a convenient oral route of administration and no contraindications.
Human anti-staphylococcal immunoglobulin is a powder from blood containing only one type of antibody. The drug is used as temporary therapy. It is administered intravenously for sepsis, endocarditis, and pneumonia due to AIDS.

The use of herbal immunostimulants improves the body's immune status. Cordyceps, ginseng, Schisandra chinensis, Eleutherococcus, Echinacea, Rhodiola, milk thistle, pantocrine, chitosan can be used as medicinal herbs. Preparations based on these plants act comprehensively, normalize metabolism, have adaptogenic properties (help the body cope with stress and strain), and restore defenses. Popular means:

Based on aloe vera - capsules, gels, injection solutions, ointments, syrups. The activity of the plant strengthens the immune system, copes with infection, and alleviates the patient’s condition. Subcutaneous administration of the solution for furunculosis eliminates swelling, pain, and inflammation. Aloe is contraindicated during pregnancy, heavy menstruation, endometriosis, polycystic disease, peptic ulcer stomach, pancreatitis.
Chlorophyllipt - contains an alcoholic extract of eucalyptus for internal or topical use and an oil extract for intravaginal use. The product is indicated for patients over 12 years of age; before using it, an allergy test must be performed.

Staphylococcal infection can be treated with folk remedies. Before using them, consult a doctor. Popular methods:

Skin treatment purulent wounds copper sulfate, brilliant green will also do.
Take a glass of black currants every day. This strengthens the immune system and stops the infection.
Taking a decoction of burdock and comfrey. Mix the dried plants in equal proportions, pour a tablespoon of boiling water, leave for 20 minutes. Take warm three times a day until complete recovery.
Applying fresh burdock leaves will help with boils.
For inflammatory processes on the skin, apply apricot pulp to the areas of the disease. Additionally, eat apricot puree in the morning and evening.
For extensive furunculous rashes, a bath with apple cider vinegar. Add 50 ml of product to the bath, carry out the procedure 2-3 times a day for 15 minutes.

Acute forms of the disease caused by staphylococcus are accompanied by intoxication. Therefore, it is important to adhere to special nutritional principles:

include in your diet more protein (80 g per day), carbohydrates in the form of cereals or pasta (300 g), fiber (berries, fruits, vegetables);
the patient should receive drinking plenty of fluids;
to increase appetite, take fermented milk drinks, broths, sweet and sour juices, tomato juice;
Foods with vitamins A, B, C (pumpkin, tuna, parsley, nuts, bell peppers, spinach, broccoli, sea buckthorn) will help alleviate the condition.

Video

The human body can serve as a home for thousands of microbes and bacteria, and such proximity does not necessarily end in disease. The immune system reliably protects us, restraining the activity of uninvited guests and forcing them to follow the rules of good manners. Staphylococcus is no exception; it is normally found in about a third of the world's population, but does not manifest itself in anything for the time being.

A weakened immune system, simple hypothermia, or the presence of another infection in the body against which antibiotics were used are the reasons why staphylococcus can go on the offensive. Therefore, it is important to understand two things: you cannot be treated with antibiotics in case of the slightest ailment or cold, and it is simply pointless to use them against staphylococcus as a preemptive measure. You still won’t get rid of the carrier state, but you will introduce your staphylococcus to antibacterial drugs and will negate their effectiveness in the future when they may actually be needed.

The only reasonable measure to prevent staphylococcal infections is local sanitation of the skin, mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract during the cold season, as well as taking medications that strengthen it. The prescription of antibiotics is justified only in the case of severe, life-threatening diseases: endocarditis, multiple purulent lesions on the skin and in soft tissues, boils on the face and head (in close proximity to the brain). But before choosing an antibiotic against staphylococcus, a qualified doctor always performs a bacterial culture.

In a sanitary and epidemiological station, a skin and venereal disease clinic or a medical office profile specialist(ENT specialist, dermatovenerologist, gynecologist, urologist, pulmonologist, gastroenterologist, infectious disease specialist) a bacterial culture is taken from the site of localization of the staphylococcal infection. This can be a swab from the throat, purulent skin abscess, vagina or urethra, as well as a sample of blood, sputum, urine, saliva, gastric juice, semen and other bodily fluids.

The resulting material is placed in a nutrient medium, after some time the colony of staphylococci multiplies, and the laboratory assistant can determine what type of pathogen it is and what antibiotics it is sensitive to.

The culture result looks like a list in which one of the letter designations appears next to the names of all current antimicrobial drugs:

S (susceptible) - sensitive;

I (intermediate) - moderately sensitive;

R (resistant) - stable.

Among the antibiotics from group “S” or, in extreme cases, “I”, the attending physician chooses a drug with which the patient has not treated any disease over the previous several years. This way there is a greater chance of success and avoiding the rapid adaptation of staphylococcus to the antibiotic. This is especially important when it comes to treating protracted and often recurrent staphylococcal infections.

Antibiotics and staphylococcus

In fact, there is only one objective reason for using antibiotics against such a stable and flexible pathogen as staphylococcus - the expected benefit will exceed the inevitable harm. Only in the case when the infection has covered the entire body, entered the blood, caused fever, and natural protective forces is not enough to defeat the disease, you have to resort to antibacterial therapy.

But there are three good reasons to refuse antibiotics when treating staphylococcus:

Only second and third generation cephalosporins, semi-synthetic penicillins (oxacillin, methicillin), and the most powerful can cope with some types of pathogens, for example, Staphylococcus aureus. modern antibiotics(vancomycin, teicoplanin, fusidine, linezolid). It is increasingly necessary to resort to extreme measures, because over the past 5-10 years, staphylococci have mutated and acquired the enzyme beta-lactamase, with which they successfully destroy cephalosporins and methicillin. For such pathogens there is the term MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), and they have to be destroyed with combinations of drugs, for example, fusidine with biseptol. And if the patient used antibiotics uncontrollably before the onset of an extensive staphylococcal infection, the pathogen may be insensitive;

No matter how effective an antibiotic is, in practice the effect of its use against staphylococcus is almost always temporary. For example, after successfully stopping the infection in 60% of patients, the disease recurs, and it is no longer possible to cope with it using the same drug, since the pathogen has adapted. Obviously, such a price is worth paying only to “get out of the dive,” when it is simply impossible to stabilize the condition of a patient with a staphylococcal infection without an antibiotic;

Antibiotics do not choose victims - in addition to the bacteria against which you use them, they also destroy other microorganisms, including beneficial ones. Long-term treatment with antibacterial drugs almost always provokes infections in the gastrointestinal tract and genitourinary system, and also aggravates the risk of activating other infections present in the body in the form of carriers.

Is it possible to completely get rid of staphylococcus?

Let's say right away - no, you can't. Only in very rare cases, when staphylococcus has entered a small area of the skin, and the person’s immunity has been activated for some reason, macrophages manage to cope with the uninvited guest, and then they speak of “transient carriage of staphylococcus.” If such a situation is discovered, it is by pure chance. More often, the pathogen manages to gain a foothold in a new place, especially if the contact was extensive (swimming in an infected body of water, using infected clothing, bed linen, towels). Staphylococcus acquired in a hospital, kindergarten, school or summer camp usually settles in the body for life.

Why immunity healthy child or an adult does not get rid of this dangerous bacteria? Because there's no point objective reasons until carriage becomes a disease. Staphylococcus sitting modestly in a corner does not cause any interest in the immune system, leukocytes and macrophages do not hunt for it, and are not produced in the blood necessary antibodies. But what to do if, for example, a child suffers from staphylococcal sore throat every fall and winter, or a girl who knows about the presence of a harmful bacterium in her body is planning a pregnancy?

In these cases, it is necessary to resort to immunostimulating therapy and sanitation of accessible problem areas: pharynx, nasopharynx, skin, vagina. Such measures will not allow you to get rid of staphylococcus forever, but will significantly reduce the number of its colonies and reduce the risk of carriage becoming a dangerous disease.

How is staphylococcus treated?

Preventive sanitation is very effective measure, which is recommended to be used regularly by all carriers of staphylococcus. Employees of children's educational and medical institutions nasal swabs are taken twice a year, and if the result is positive, sanitation is carried out, and then the test is taken again, trying to achieve the complete absence of staphylococcus in the upper respiratory tract. This is very important, because this is the only way to protect against the spread of the pathogen by airborne droplets.

If you or your child annually experience relapses of furunculosis and other purulent-inflammatory diseases, the cause of which (according to test results, and not based on your guesses) is staphylococcus, it is worth replenishing home first aid kit means for local sanitation. With the help of these drugs, gargling, nasal instillation, placing cotton swabs in the nasal passages, irrigation or douching of the genital tract, wiping and lubricating the skin or mucous membranes, depending on the location of the carrier, are performed. For each case, you need to select the appropriate version of the drug and strictly adhere to the instructions.

Here is a list of all effective solutions and ointments against staphylococcus:

Oil solution of retinol acetate (vitamin A);

Sodium hypochlorite electrolysis solution;

Furacilin solution;

Bactroban ointment;

Hexachlorophene ointment;

Chlorophyllipt;

Boric acid;

Lugol's or iodine solution;

Potassium permanganate;

Methylene blue;

Octenisept;

Fukortsin (Castellani liquid).

12 best drugs for the treatment of staphylococcus

We have prepared for you a hit parade of the twelve most effective and safe means, with the help of which modern specialists treat staphylococcus. But let this information not serve as a reason for self-medication, because only a qualified doctor, after a thorough diagnosis, can prescribe a drug that is right for you and will not cause unwanted side effects. It is especially important to show a child suffering from a staphylococcal infection to a good doctor and take the time to take the necessary tests.

The group of lysates includes preparations that are a fragmented multibacterial culture. Once in the body, particles of bacteria (including staphylococcus) cannot cause a full-scale infection, since they cell structure broken. But they can provoke an immune response and the production of antibodies. Lysates have many advantages - safety, lack of addiction, contraindications and side effects, the ability to take them as needed, rather than follow a fixed course of treatment. There is only one drawback - high cost. The most popular lysates for the treatment of staphylococcus: imudon, respibron, bronchomunal, IRS-19 spray.

Staphylococcal toxoid

This drug is a toxin (poisonous waste product) of laboratory-grown staphylococci. The toxin is purified and neutralized, and then placed in 1 ml ampoules and packaged in boxes of 10 ampoules. This volume of staphylococcal toxoid is sufficient for one course of treatment, the result of which will be the formation of stable immunity in an adult. Toxoid is contraindicated for children.

The drug is administered in a hospital for ten days, alternately under the right and left shoulder blades. The nurse carefully monitors the patient's condition during the first 30 minutes after the injection. Possible allergic reactions, up to anaphylactic shock. During the entire course of treatment, low-grade body temperature, redness and swelling of the skin at the site of toxoid administration may be observed.

Staphylococcal antiphagin (vaccine)

Unlike toxoid, the vaccine is a complex of ready-made heat-resistant antigens to all possible types of staphylococcus. It is also sold in ampoules of 1 ml and cartons of 10 ampoules. Vaccination against staphylococcus is permitted from the age of six months, however, exceptions are allowed, the main thing is that the baby’s body weight is at least 2.5 kg. Staphylococcal antifagin causes the formation of specific immunity, which may be lost over time, so annual revaccination is recommended. In Russia, all these measures are not included in the list mandatory vaccinations, but at the request of the parents, the child can be vaccinated against staphylococcus.

CIP (Complex immunoglobulin preparation)

This medicine for the treatment of staphylococcus and other bacterial infections is made from donated blood by drying. KIP is a protein powder containing three types of antibodies (IgA (15-25%), IgM (15-25%), IgG (50-70%) and packaged in glass ampoules with a capacity of 5 ml. It is this drug that best copes with staphylococcus, because it contains the largest number of antibodies of the IgA and IgM classes, compared to other immunoglobulin drugs.

Antibodies IgM class effectively destroy staphylococci, shigella, salmonella, escherichia and other pathogens of intestinal infections, IgA class antibodies prevent the proliferation and adhesion of bacteria to the cells of the body, and IgG class antibodies neutralize toxins and contribute to the destruction of staphylococcus by macrophages - the fighters of our immunity. Thus, CIP has several advantages: versatility, complex action, convenient oral administration and the absence of contraindications.

Human anti-staphylococcal immunoglobulin

This is also a protein powder extracted from donor blood, but it differs from KIP in its narrow specialization: it contains antibodies only to staphylococcus alpha-exotoxin. By taking such a drug, a patient with a staphylococcal infection receives temporary help from a donor. As soon as the immunoglobulin is stopped, the effect will end, because such treatment does not force the body to produce its own antibodies to staphylococcus, but only compensates for their absence. Intravenous administration donor antistaphylococcal immunoglobulin temporarily saves in severe diseases, for example, sepsis, endocarditis or pneumonia due to.

Aloe vera

Preparations based on aloe extract (capsules, gels, injection solutions, ointments, syrups) have proven themselves not only in the treatment of staphylococcus. The high biological activity of aloe vera allows you to strengthen the immune system, cope with infections of any location and quickly alleviate the patient’s condition. For example, subcutaneous administration of aloe solution for staphylococcal furunculosis in a few days reduces swelling, neutralizes pain and stops the acute inflammatory process.

But, like any powerful natural stimulant, aloe vera has contraindications. It is not recommended for pregnant women, as well as women with heavy menstruation, endometriosis and polycystic disease, since aloe increases blood circulation and can provoke internal bleeding. It also increases the activity of glands internal secretion, which is very dangerous for ulcerative and. In a word, it is necessary comprehensive assessment the state of the body of a patient with staphylococcal infection before deciding on treatment with aloe vera.

Chlorophyllipt

Another medicinal plant that can cope with staphylococcus is. An alcohol solution (from 0.25 to 1% concentration) is prepared from the juice of eucalyptus leaves for internal and local use, as well as oil solution(2% concentration) for intravaginal use for staphylococcal infections.

A weak alcohol solution of chlorophyllipt is added to water and drunk for intestinal infections, as well as instilled and placed in the nose, rinsed sore throat, they give enemas - that is, they are used to sanitize the mucous membranes. A more concentrated preparation is suitable for treating skin affected by abscesses, ulcers, boils and fistulas. In rare cases (with peritonitis, pleural empyema, pulmonary), chlorophyllipt is administered intravenously or directly into the body cavity.

Before the first use, they always test for an allergic reaction: the patient drinks half a glass of water with 25 drops of chlorophyllipt dissolved, and if no negative effects are observed within 24 hours, staphylococcus can be treated with this drug. Chlorophyllipt is prescribed only to adults and children over twelve years of age.

Mupirocin

This is international generic name antibiotic that acts active substance in several medicinal ointments: Bonderme, Supirocin, Bactrobane. Mupirocin has a very wide range of uses; it is active against staphylococci, gonococci, pneumococci and streptococci, including aureus and methicillin-resistant.

Mupirocin-based ointments are used for local treatment of skin and nasal staphylococcal infections. Two types of ointments are available with different antibiotic concentrations, separately for the skin and separately for the mucous membrane. Theoretically, you can lubricate ulcers, ulcers and boils with any type of ointment, but you only need to put a drug specially designed for this in your nose. Ointments with mupirocin can be used from the age of six; they very rarely cause side effects and allergic reactions, while doing an excellent job of local treatment of staphylococcus.

Baneocin

This is also an ointment for external use, the active component of which is a tandem of two antibiotics: neomycin and bacitracin. Both antibacterial agents are active against staphylococci, but together they work better, cover a larger number of strains, and addiction to them develops more slowly.

Baneocin is almost not absorbed into the blood when applied topically, but it creates a very high concentration of antibiotics in the skin, so it copes well with abscesses, ulcers and boils caused by staphylococcus. However, like all antibiotics of the aminoglycoside group, bacitracin and neomycin are dangerous due to their side effects: suppression of hearing and vision, difficulty with kidney function, and disruption of the circulation of nerve impulses in the muscles. Therefore, the use of baneocin is recommended only for the treatment of staphylococcal infections that affect no more than one percent of the skin surface (about the size of the palm).

Baneocin ointment is available without a prescription and is suitable for children, but is not recommended for pregnant and breastfeeding women due to the risk of antibiotics passing into the blood and breast milk.

Fuzidin, fusidic (fusidic) acid, sodium fusidate - all these are names of one antibiotic, perhaps the most effective against most strains of staphylococcus. Based on this drug, ointments with a two percent concentration (fucidin, fusiderm) are produced, which are intended for the local treatment of staphylococcus. These ointments should not be applied to the mucous membranes, and even on the skin they can cause irritation and redness, but usually after a week of regular use, the staphylococcal infection is localized and the inflammations heal completely.

Fusiderm cream is one of the best means from acne on the face caused by staphylococcus. If red weeping acne does not go away for a long time, you should definitely submit a scraping for analysis, and if the doctor detects strains of staphylococcus, Fusiderm will be used optimal choice for a treatment that usually lasts 14 days and is successful in 93% of cases.

Fusidine-based ointments can be used not only by adults, but also by children over one month old, since this antibiotic does not cause dangerous side effects and almost does not penetrate into the blood when local application. However, it is usually not recommended for expectant and nursing mothers, since the effect of fusidine on the child upon penetration into circulatory system has not yet been sufficiently studied.

Galavit

Strictly speaking, the drug Galavit is not indicated for the treatment of staphylococcus, but its use in practice allows us to hope for success in the fight against resistant strains. Galavit is a relatively new immunomodulator and a rare guest on the shelves of our pharmacies. Western European clinical researches proved that it has two actions at once: immunostimulating and bactericidal, and this in itself is a big breakthrough.

The immunomodulatory effect of galavit is due to its ability to slow down overly active macrophages so that they can longer exert their destructive effect on pathogens, including staphylococcus. In other words, this drug allows our body to use its defenses more rationally and fully.

Galavit is available in the form of lingual tablets, injection solution and rectal suppositories, therefore it is convenient to use for the treatment of staphylococcal infections of any location. The drug is approved for use by adults and children over six years of age, but is not recommended for pregnant and lactating women, again, simply due to insufficient research.

Staphylococcal infection and hormones

In conclusion, it would be reasonable to say a few words about the treatment of staphylococcus hormonal drugs. Glucocorticoids, that is, synthetic derivatives of human corticosteroid hormones, quickly stop inflammation of any etiology. They disrupt the entire chain of natural reactions (a pathogen appeared - the body reacted - hormones were produced - the inflammatory process began - leukocytes multiplied - a purulent abscess appeared - pain appeared, etc.). Drugs from the glucocorticoid group (prednisolone, dexamethasone, triamcinolone and others) forcibly interrupt this scenario at the very beginning. But they do not destroy the cause of inflammation, but simply force the body not to react to the pathogen.

So what are the dangers of using hormonal ointments for local treatment of staphylococcus? Because after rapid suppression of the inflammatory process and removal pain real thunder will strike: hormones have suppressed the natural immune response, there are no antibodies to the pathogen, and now the body faces the infection completely unarmed. Conclusion: treatment of staphylococcus hormonal ointments It is only advisable if it is a combination drug that also contains an antibiotic. And taking glucocorticoids orally with extensive staphylococcal infection body, as with any other blood infection, is strictly prohibited.

About the doctor: From 2010 to 2016 practicing physician at the therapeutic hospital of the central medical unit No. 21, the city of Elektrostal. Since 2016 he has been working at diagnostic center No. 3.