Allergic rhinitis: symptoms and treatment of the disease. Perennial allergic rhinitis and its treatment

Perennial allergic rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory disease. This ailment is caused by an allergenic reaction and develops upon contact with an irritant, affecting the mucous membrane of the cavity of the organ of smell.

Perennial allergic rhinitis, the symptoms of which are congestion, runny nose and bouts of sneezing, manifests itself throughout the calendar year and is caused by hypersensitivity human to elements such as house dust particles, mold fungus, pet hair, etc.

Description of the disease

Perennial rhinitis is considered pathological process in the mucous membrane of the olfactory organ, developing as a result of penetration into the nasal and oral parts of the pharynx of irritants that may be in the living room. At the same time, the symptoms of the disease in the patient appear for more than half a week or longer than a month, renewing repeatedly over the entire calendar year.

Seasonal and year-round allergic rhinitis is diagnosed in 10-20% of the world's population, has a chronic form and can lead to complications in the form of rhinosinusitis and a polypoid mass formed from the mucous membrane of the olfactory organ and its paranasal sinuses. Often with a year-round runny nose allergic nature getting worse general state patient, performance decreases and the quality of life changes. The number of detected cases of the common cold due to allergies is increasing every year. And mostly people of immature age are exposed to this disease.

Characteristic signs of the disease

A runny nose of an allergic nature is an ailment that is diagnosed by a doctor during an examination and is based on the patient's complaints. The acute period of the pathology manifests itself instantly upon contact with an irritant in the form of sneezing, a profuse runny nose and an unbearable feeling of itching of the mucosa. Puffiness develops in the nasal passages against the background of these processes, which contributes to excessive congestion of the olfactory organ.

In the case of a high concentration of the allergen and with prolonged association with it, there are common features ailment in the form of a headache and a state of weakness. Pathology in moderate and severe degrees leads to sleep disturbance, deterioration in general well-being, as well as to the failure of the usual regimen during the day, which interferes with studying, working or playing sports.

Causes of the disease

There are seasonal and year-round forms of the disease, the occurrence of each of which is facilitated by certain reasons.

If allocate common factors pathology, these include:

genetic predisposition;
prolonged contact with strong irritants;
increased permeability of the nasal mucosa, due to certain pathologies;
frequent cases of acute respiratory diseases;
uncontrolled and frequent use of antibiotics;
abnormal development or deformity of the cavity of the olfactory organ;
hypotension and elevated level blood clotting.

In young patients allergic rhinitis develops in those cases when disturbed metabolism and pathologies of the digestive system are detected.

Immaturity is also capable of provoking an ailment. nervous system. This is how you can explain the allergic rhinitis that occurs in boys during puberty and in girls after the first menstrual bleeding.

In infants and children in preschool age the disease is caused by the influence of food irritants. As a person grows older, the body reacts more to irritants that enter it through the air.

The most common cause of seasonal allergic rhinitis in the warm season is pollen from flowers and trees. There is also a category of patients who react to mushrooms growing during this period of the year.

This kind of disease manifests itself within a year and is diagnosed in cases where an exacerbation of the common cold occurs at least 2 times a day for at least 9 months for the entire year. Symptoms of the disease can either become active or subside for a certain period of time, but almost never completely disappear.

A number of endogenous and exogenous factors provoke the year-round form of the disease, including:

house dust, often consisting of animal protein, as well as waste products of ticks (in this case, the disease is more often diagnosed in those people in whose homes cockroaches and bed bugs live);
irritants emitted by feathers and down pillows;
library dust;
irritants infectious nature, such as mold fungi that occur in rooms with high humidity;
medications;
food irritants;
chemical allergens and cosmetics.

Treatment of a pathological condition

Treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis begins with the doctor identifying possible sources of irritation. The doctor is trying to find out from the patient data about his predisposition to a negative reaction and whether there was a place for the latter among the patient's relatives. After that, an examination of the mucous membrane of the olfactory organ is carried out and an analysis is prescribed to identify allergens.

Nevertheless, most often it is possible to determine the stimulus already at the stage of conversation with the patient. Sometimes it is not possible to establish an allergen, because in Everyday life the patient is surrounded by a huge number of provocateurs. If initial rhinitis is diagnosed, treatment involves the exclusion of the most likely irritants.

After the patient is prescribed nasal remedies to facilitate breathing and eliminate swelling of the mucosa. If the disease is accompanied by other symptoms, such as conjunctivitis, then eye drops with anti-inflammatory properties. It will be very useful to wash the olfactory organ using saline solution. You can either buy it at a pharmacy or make it yourself. During the day, it is allowed to treat rhinitis through a similar procedure an unlimited number of times.

If it was still not possible to identify the allergen, then along with the prescribed treatment, the patient must also observe the following recommendations:

Constant wet cleaning in room. In this case, you should use special means to control dust mites.
Isolation of pets. In this case, animals should not be allowed into the room where most time spent by the patient.
Exclude the appearance of dust and dry air in the premises where the patient lives.
Remove all existing flowers from the house.
Carefully review the diet for the presence of a possible irritant in it.

With an exacerbation of allergic rhinitis, the patient must take antihistamines, such as Diazolin, Suprastin or Cetirizine. Nevertheless, only the attending physician should select the dosage of the medication for the patient. It should be remembered that each of these drugs affects the central nervous system. It is necessary to make sure that there are no contraindications for these or any other drugs taken, especially for young children and expectant mothers.

You should be prepared for the fact that the treatment of year-round allergic rhinitis will be long. In a large number of cases, it will not be possible to completely cure the disease and it is impossible to isolate a person from the influence of environment. Nevertheless, treatment will alleviate the severity of the disease and alleviate the condition.

The most important thing in this situation is timely therapy even at the stage when the disease has not had time to acquire a more serious form. In the treatment of allergic rhinitis, it is necessary to consult a specialized doctor in order not to bring the condition to the point where the pathology begins to affect the quality of life of a person.

Perennial allergic rhinitis appears as a result of constant contact of the nasal mucosa with various allergens. As a result, not only mucous discharges appear, but also persistent sneezing, a feeling of itching in the nasopharynx, a feeling of tickling, shortness of breath, long-lasting swelling.

Types of allergic rhinitis

An allergy in the nose is a reaction of organs and immunity to the action of a provoking factor, resulting in hay fever, that is, inflammation. It manifests itself in the form of seasonal and year-round allergic rhinitis, which only a doctor should help eliminate. Both types of pathology are accompanied by:

tickling and itching in the nasopharynx;
swelling and congestion;
poor concentration;
decreased sense of smell;
watery eyes;
snoring;
insomnia;
loss of smell;
paroxysmal sneezing;
headaches;
copious mucous secretions;
decreased sense of smell.

Allergic rhinitis causes insomnia

Untreated year-round or seasonal rhinitis often causes the development of polyps in the nose, which are removed only surgically, the occurrence of otitis media, allergic sinusitis, persistent impairment of the olfactory functions of the nose, nasal heavy bleeding, asthma and allergic rashes. Treatment then to be very protracted and serious. Many patients are not completely cured, relapses constantly occur, and nasopharyngeal diseases become sluggish chronic.

The most common is seasonal allergic rhinitis. Especially in young people. Its symptoms are characteristic for a certain time of the year, most often manifested in the spring, when contact with the pollen of some flowering plants begins.

The perennial runny nose usually occurs in women. His symptoms do not go away without treatment. whole year or periodically appear, regardless of the time of year. The disease is caused by allergens that are constantly present around.

Reasons for the development of allergic pathology

allergic rhinitis usually manifested as a result of hereditary predisposition. In the family history of patients, there are usually bronchial obstructions, diffuse neurodermatitis, urticaria, atropical pathologies that a couple of generations of the family suffered from. Most often, the manifestations of the disease are caused by the pollen of trees and grasses - cereals or Compositae. Sometimes fungal spores, poplar fluff also have an effect on the mucous membranes.

Common allergens can cause rhinitis

Year-round allergic rhinitis appears when the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx come into contact with chemical compounds, particles of animal skin, their hair, household dust, which includes the smallest mites.

Basic and additional symptoms

The disease is year-round and periodic characterize almost the same chronic or abruptly occurring symptoms. At the time of contact with the inflammatory allergen and in the morning, long periods of sneezing appear. Because of itching in the nasopharynx, people constantly have to scratch their nose, which leads to the appearance of a transverse fold.

stuffy nose all year round leads to a transition to mouth breathing. Chronic congestive inflammation causes loss taste sensations, as well as a gradual decrease in smell. From the inflamed nasal passages come watery discharge, there are unpleasant pinching in the eyes, lacrimation.

When examined by an ENT doctor, loose and pale nasal mucosa is visible. Peeling and redness of the nostrils usually do not. Sometimes there is redness of the conjunctiva of the eyes. With a sharp exacerbation, moderate redness in the throat can be observed. A secondary infection often joins the year-round runny nose. Due to edema, blockage of the nasal sinuses begins, purulent discharge, an unpleasant serous odor appear. Possible sinusitis, acute sinusitis, polyposis and otitis, the treatment of which is much more difficult than just a runny nose. Therefore, only if rhinitis symptoms appear, it cannot be ignored.

Allergic rhinitis causes persistent sneezing

Diagnosis of perennial rhinitis

To determine the disease, you need to contact an otolaryngologist, an allergist, who prescribe:

skin allergy tests;
blood analysis;
mucosal smear for allergens;
blood test for E-immunoglobulins;
mucosal smear for fungal infection and microflora;
rhinomanometry (control of airway patency in the nasopharynx).

Thanks to such analyzes and examinations, a complete medical history is collected. Diagnosis, if year-round allergic rhinitis has appeared, is a little blurry, since it is quite difficult to establish the exact allergen. It affects the body for a long time, and is possible with skin tests. false positive result. Intradermal tests are prescribed if the skin test gave a negative value.

The allergic nature of a persistent runny nose is determined by the detection of eosinophils in the blood, as well as in a nasal swab. An increase in the concentration of neutrophils in the blood and mucus indicates a secondary attached infection. Perennial rhinitis must be differentiated separately from drug-induced rhinitis caused by excessive use of vasoconstrictor drugs. The symptoms are sometimes the same for such ENT pathologies, but the treatment is different.

A blood test is done to diagnose allergic rhinitis.

Treatment of allergic rhinitis

Seasonal allergic discharge, as well as year-round treatment, provide the same. Avoid constant contact with acute allergens. Helps to cope with the symptoms and complex immunotherapy, and drugs:

tablets and sprays facilitate breathing, relieve congestion;
pharmacy sprays with steroids are effective during an exacerbation of hay fever, they are used for constant runny nose daily;
antihistamines improve well-being and relieve the main symptoms of allergic rhinitis;
swelling and irritation eliminate anti-inflammatory drugs;
deal with congestion and mucous membranes constant secretions saline sprays help sea water, which is sold in pharmacies in the form of drops and sprays.

At mild stage diseases are prescribed glucocorticosteroids and antihistamines. In a severe allergic stage, internal glucocorticosteroids, which are combined with antihistamines, help to cope with allergies. Antiallergic drugs often cause side effects.

Nasal spray makes it easier to breathe in rhinitis

Relieve severe nasal congestion vasoconstrictor drugs local action - drops and sprays, but this group of drugs should not be abused, since there is a danger of drug-induced rhinitis.

With some forms of allergies, expressed in the common cold, a strict diet is necessary. For example, some patients must limit their intake of sweets, chocolate, citrus fruits, nuts, apples, etc.

In some cases, when standard treatment is ineffective, and there are contraindications to taking the main medicines, prescribe hyposensitization to some allergens. The causative agent is injected under the skin, dosed increasing the dose. A full course of such therapy can last several years. Allergen injections are prohibited when cardiovascular pathologies and pronounced bronchial asthma. After the injection, redness and swelling may appear at the injection site.

In extreme cases, with complex and running forms allergic pathology nasopharynx, when drugs and therapy have not helped, perform a vasotomy. This is a surgical operation performed under local anesthesia. In the turbinates, the pathologically altered mucosa is removed.

With advanced forms of allergic rhinitis, vasotomy is performed

Traditional medicine to eliminate allergic rhinitis

Together with traditional treatment allergic secretions can be used and proven folk medicine. It will help to significantly reduce or even eliminate Negative influence strong allergens on human organs.

A decoction of yarrow, crushed rose hips and St. John's wort is brewed together with dandelion roots, horsetail and corn stigmas. Dandelion and rose hips are finely chopped or ground in a meat grinder beforehand. Herbalists recommend infusing the decoction for a day and taking a glass daily.
Tricolor violet, coltsfoot, elecampane root, calamus, wild rosemary are poured with boiling water and insisted overnight. In the morning, the collection can be taken by filtering in advance. It relieves the common cold and relieves nasal breathing.
Herbal tea from ground chaga, wormwood, pine buds, rose hips, dry yarrow helps to cure a runny nose of allergic origin. Tea is brewed at night and drunk before meals, 20 ml daily.

Colds are very common and give people a lot of unpleasant moments. Their first symptoms are copious watery discharge, reusable sneezing, itching and nasal congestion, but these phenomena are far from always caused by infectious causes. All of the above signs are also observed with year-round rhinitis of an allergic nature.

Allergic perennial rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal and nasopharyngeal mucosa caused by an allergic reaction. Distinctive feature such a runny nose from a cold lies in the fact that when contact with the allergen that provoked its appearance is eliminated, all the symptoms of the disease quickly subside and soon disappear altogether.

Seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis

seasonal rhinitis

Seasonal allergic rhinitis occurs, as a rule, when the pollen of certain plants, which is an allergen, appears in the air. This explains the seasonality of the disease. It is unlikely that contact with pollen will be completely eliminated, but it should be limited as much as possible. To do this, during the period of the onset of seasonal rhinitis, take the following actions:

try to reduce or completely abandon trips out of town;
if you still have to travel to nature, then it is better to stop in the immediate vicinity of the reservoir, since there is less pollen in the air;
it is better to close the windows of the apartment and the car;
the room should be wet cleaned daily, it is advisable to use special air purifiers;
in windy, hot, dry weather, the intensity of pollination increases in the morning and evening hours, so it is better not to go outside at this time;
every time you return home, you should take a shower, accompanied by a mandatory washing of your hair, and put on clean home clothes;
It is worth following a certain diet, from which all obvious allergens are removed.

You can visit an allergist and consult with him about seasonal rhinitis. He will be able to give recommendations on how to reduce the severity of the disease, as well as prescribe drugs that help to endure the period of a possible exacerbation much easier. Drug preparation for seasonal rhinitis will also help reduce the likelihood of complications and consequences of this disease, such as frontal sinusitis, conjunctivitis, Quincke's edema, bronchial asthma, sinusitis and others.

In some cases, symptoms of allergic rhinitis can be observed in a person throughout the year. At the same time, they are weaker than with seasonal rhinitis. In children and adolescents, the course of year-round rhinitis takes place in more acute form than in adults. AT childhood with such a disease, in addition to usual symptoms, the following manifestations can be observed:

pallor and swelling of the face;
breathing through the mouth;
dryness of the mucous membrane of the lips;
the appearance of dark circles around the eyes;
sniffling or snoring during sleep;
cough at night;
constant tickling and coughing;
redness of the tip of the nose.

Chronic runny nose can flow into sinusitis, otitis, and also leads to the formation of polyps in the nasal cavity or provoke the development of other pathologies. Most often, allergic perennial rhinitis is the result of a reaction to ordinary house dust. The reason for this lies in the presence of microscopic mites in this dust, feeding on the smallest particles of human epithelium. They usually live in pillows, mattresses, blankets, carpets, upholstered furniture and other similar items.

With an allergy to house dust, the symptoms of the disease increase markedly at night and with a long stay in a room where there is a lot of dust, and a decrease in the severity of signs of the disease when going outside and walking.

The manifestations of year-round rhinitis of an allergic nature can be reduced by the following methods:

It is worth quitting smoking, because nicotine can cause nasal congestion to increase.
Stop using vasoconstrictors against the common cold. Such drugs with prolonged use can lead to damage to the nasal mucosa and its swelling.
Bed linen, pillows and blankets made from natural materials should be replaced with items made from synthetics. Ticks do not live in such things, which cause an allergic reaction.
AT winter period bedding and blankets can be taken out to the street or to the balcony, and in the summer for some time left in direct sunlight.
Sharp blowing may lead to negative consequences, it is better to regularly carefully clean the nose of accumulating mucus.
Self-rinsing of the nasal passages can cause complications, this occurs with damage and improper procedure, so it is advisable to entrust this to doctors.
Bedding and other things should be aired regularly. Upholstered furniture and mattresses are dusted with a vacuum cleaner, and blankets, blankets and pillows are knocked out twice a week. Curtains, bedspreads, blankets, pillows and other things are washed at least once every 2-3 months.
In the bedroom and other rooms where a person prone to allergies stays for a long time, the necessary temperature and humidity must be maintained. If the air is too dry and the temperature is too high, the mucous membrane dries out quickly, which leads to an increase in the symptoms of the disease.
It is worth removing from the house all objects on which dust accumulates, such as carpets, books, soft toys, old clothes, thick blankets, and so on.

If you suspect perennial rhinitis, you need to visit an allergist to confirm the diagnosis and timely treatment. After all, if measures are not taken in time, then a seemingly harmless allergic rhinitis can develop into bronchial asthma.

Occupational perennial rhinitis

This form of allergic rhinitis can occur in people who, by virtue of their profession, are constantly in contact with dust and other allergens. Possible different kinds reactions depending on the substance that caused it. Yes, at medical workers there may be an allergy to certain medicines or latex from which gloves are made, builders to paint, glue, cement, livestock breeders and workers in this industry to animal hair, bakery and mill workers to flour, etc.

Symptoms of professional year-round rhinitis practically do not differ from other types of allergic rhinitis. Distinctive feature professional looking disease is a decrease in the severity or complete disappearance of all manifestations of allergies during the holidays, on holidays or weekends.

In addition, the cause of occupational rhinitis can be not only allergies, but also permanent exposure any substances that cause irritation and inflammation of the nasal mucosa. If the nature of the common cold is not allergic, then the treatment is prescribed by an otolaryngologist. For staging accurate diagnosis and determining factors that cause perennial rhinitis, skin tests, blood tests and other diagnostic methods are used.

Perennial allergic rhinitis symptoms

For all types of year-round rhinitis, the cause of which is an allergic reaction, similar symptoms are characteristic:

itching and burning in the nasal passages;
profuse mucous-watery discharge from the nose;
repeated sneezing;
swelling of the mucosa;
partial or complete loss of smell;
possible violation of the outflow of tears, which leads to damage to the eyes, manifested in the form of their redness and suppuration;
mucus that forms in the nasal cavity can run down the back of the throat, causing a cough.

When contact with the allergen is limited or completely eliminated, the manifestations of allergies quickly subside and disappear altogether.

Causes of perennial rhinitis

Perennial rhinitis, caused by an allergic reaction, can appear at any time of the year and not go away. for a long time. At the same time, the manifestations of the disease can periodically decrease or worsen, but they practically do not completely disappear. There can be many reasons for allergic rhinitis:

the most common allergen is house dust, which is inhabited by microscopic mites;
natural wool, down and feathers filling pillows;
some foodstuffs;
household chemicals;
library or book dust;
medications;
infectious allergens such as certain microorganisms, molds and others;
cosmetics, perfumery and care products.

Occupational perennial rhinitis can be caused by various harmful substances present in production or in some other areas of activity. They can provoke the development of an allergic reaction or irritate the upper respiratory organs, leading to their inflammation.

Clinical diagnosis of perennial rhinitis

In order to correctly diagnose, it is necessary to examine and consult a specialist. An allergist or an otolaryngologist can determine the cause of the disease. Diagnostic measures for year-round rhinitis are as follows:

skin tests;
a smear for microflora, the presence of eosinophils and fungi from the nasal cavity;
blood test for the presence of specific immunoglobulins E;
patency determination upper divisions respiratory system;
general blood analysis.

As a result of such actions, the assumption about the allergic nature of year-round rhinitis is confirmed or refuted. Often this helps to identify the allergen that causes a similar reaction. But it is sometimes quite difficult to identify it. It is important to start treatment in a timely manner and take preventive measures to help prevent repeated exacerbations of the disease. This is necessary in order to prevent the development of complications, such as bronchial asthma, Quincke's edema and others.

With the appearance of year-round rhinitis, especially if it becomes chronic, you should definitely visit a doctor. Only a specialist will be able to determine the appropriate course of treatment and further preventive measures. With him, you can discuss the possibility of using any means.

After the allergen that provokes the appearance of the reaction is identified, contact with it should be completely excluded or at least significantly limited. In addition, to relieve and alleviate the symptoms of allergic rhinitis, doctors prescribe antihistamines. But you should not appoint them yourself, only a specialist can choose the right one.

Conventionally, all drugs prescribed for allergies can be divided into two groups: first generation and second generation. With manifestations of a runny nose, swelling of the mucosa, any of them can cope. Means of the first generation should be taken in relatively small doses, these include diazolin, tavegil, suprastin, peritol, fenkarol and others. Membership in this group medicines determined by the composition and some properties. Antihistamines the second generation are more modern, their efficiency is higher, and side effects are less pronounced. These drugs include Telfast, Claritin, Zyrtec, Erius and others.

It is possible to reduce the amount of secreted mucus and make it less viscous if you regularly irrigate the nasal mucosa with saline. With year-round rhinitis, it is also useful to carry out physical exercises helping to eliminate nasal congestion for a while. As they are performed, the vessels narrow and the patient feels relieved, however, the action is rather short - no more than half an hour.

Traditional medicine methods

Traditional medicine also offers its own ways to treat year-round rhinitis, which can be used simultaneously with traditional therapy. Folk recipes help reduce exposure to allergens.

So, with an allergic rhinitis, it is advised to prepare a healing decoction from the following ingredients: centaury, crushed rose hips, St. All components are crushed and mixed, and then big spoon This mixture is brewed in 300 ml of boiling water. You need to insist on the decoction for about 10-12 hours, and take it three times a day for a glass.

Another recipe that helps with allergic perennial rhinitis involves the use of the following ingredients: citrus seed, rosemary, coltsfoot, tricolor violet, elecampane roots and calamus. The proportion of these components is 3:2:2:2:1:1. Brew a large spoonful of the mixture in a glass of boiling water and leave overnight. You need to drink the remedy three times a day, preferably before meals. You can drink this infusion before going to bed, which will ensure a restful sleep.

For treatment, an infusion of celandine is used. To prepare it, 20 g of this plant is poured into a glass of water and left for an hour. Take the infusion in a large spoon in the morning, afternoon and evening.

AT last years, one of the most common diseases was year-round allergic rhinitis. It can develop and flow throughout the year, regardless of its seasons. It affects both the adult generation and young children. feature this disease is that timely excluded provoking factors can lead to a noticeable improvement in human health.

Perennial allergic rhinitis is a rare form chronic illness associated with inflammation of the nasal mucosa. This disease develops when the human body through Airways various exogenous allergens. According to the ARIA classification, unlike seasonal allergies has more severe consequences. With a long period of illness, patients develop bronchial asthma, catarrhal otitis and sinusitis, which have negative impact on the human body. In order to prevent these complications, at the first signs of the disease, you should immediately contact an ENT specialist who will confirm the diagnosis and prescribe timely treatment.

Signs of the disease

According to statistics, more than 20% of the inhabitants of the entire planet suffer from allergies. As a rule, many patients attribute the symptoms of year-round allergic rhinitis to colds, thereby making a gross mistake.

IMPORTANT: Unlike acute respiratory infection, influenza and others inflammatory diseases, allergic rhinitis proceeds without elevated temperature and body aches.

The following factors indicate an allergic reaction in adults without elevated body temperature:

frequent sneezing;
dark circles under the eyes;
periodic cough;
itching in the throat;
snoring in sleep;
headache.

In children, the disease is more difficult, it can be identified by the following symptoms:

redness of the membranes of the eyes;
swelling of the eyelids;
frequent cough;
runny nose;
lacrimation;
occasional itching in the nose and redness around it.

In addition to these signs, children often experience dizziness, which is accompanied by nausea and gag reflexes.

Causes of the disease

As a rule, an allergic reaction occurs within a few minutes after provoking agents enter the human body. Many factors can act as allergens, which are divided into internal and external groups.

Causes of rhinitis of the outer group

Possible occurrence of external allergic rhinitis in adults due to sensitization:

Microscopic mites in the dust of the room.
Yeast and fungus.
Relationship with pets.
Natural raw materials filling bedding.
Food.
Household chemicals.
Medications.
Plant pollen.

In addition to the above reasons, allergic rhinitis in adults can develop due to their professional activity when in contact with harmful substances.

Perennial rhinitis in a child occurs more often than in an adult. But, as shown medical research, it doesn't just show up. Predisposing reasons are:

rickets;
eosinophilia;
liver pathology;
painful deviation of the gastrointestinal tract;
polyposis growths;
metabolic disease.

Food can also be a factor in the development of allergic rhinitis in a child. The most provocative foods are: citrus fruits, milk formulas, semolina and chocolate.

Causes of internal group rhinitis

The cause of rhinitis of the internal group include hereditary predisposition. In the presence of year-round allergic rhinitis in parents, the probability of transmission of the disease to children is 30%. At the same time, the disease may appear in a child not immediately after birth, but after some time, sometimes even after several decades.

Diagnostics

Only a specialized ENT can identify the chronic form of allergic rhinitis and determine how it can be treated. The diagnosis is established based on the study of anamnestic data, visual examination, blood test for the presence of IgE antibodies and instrumental studies.

Collection of anamnesis

During the anamnesis, the specialist medical examination receives data on the course of allergies from the patient himself or those who know him. First of all, he is interested in such moments:

Are there any relatives with a similar disease.
What factors provoke allergic rhinitis.
The frequency of manifestation of the disease.
Have you had similar symptoms and treatments before?
Conditions and living environment.

The ENT also finds out if the patient has comorbidities such as dermatitis, bronchial asthma, eczema, and at what time of the year the disease progresses more.

Physical examination

A physical examination is carried out when examining the nasal cavity using a special instrument - a rhinoscope. During the examination, the specialist pays attention to such factors:

color of the shell of the nasal passages;
the amount of mucous and water secretion.

In this case, the doctor pays his attention to the person's face. As a rule, chronic allergic rhinitis leaves its mark on it. With frequent scratching of the nose, a crease appears on the bridge of the nose. Against the background of obstruction, the palate becomes arched, and the jaw thickens.

Skin testing

essence this study is to identify the cause of allergic rhinitis. To do this, small incisions are made on the skin of a person, on which various pathogens are applied. After a few minutes, the specialist evaluates the reaction skin. Based on the size of the papule and redness obtained, it is concluded which factors are the cause of the disease.

Radioallergosorbent test

This method determines the level of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the blood. The development of allergic rhinitis is diagnosed by the antibody titer. This method is quite expensive, but when using it, you can identify the stage of the disease. Also, its use does not require prior withdrawal of antihistamines, which can affect the diagnostic result.

After chronic allergic rhinitis is confirmed, the allergist selects an individual treatment regimen for each patient. The therapy chosen will depend on the person's age, the severity of the symptoms, and the cause of the disease.

Relief of the course of the disease

To reduce the pronounced symptoms of the disease and facilitate the course of the disease, experts recommend that patients protect themselves from contact with allergenic pathogens and potentially dangerous substances.

Adults should follow these guidelines:

Refuse bad habits such as smoking and alcohol.
Swap natural fiber pillows and duvets for hypoallergenic bedding.
Regularly clean the nasopharynx with saline.
Reduce the number of objects on which a large amount of dust accumulates.
Daily wet cleaning of the room.

The following steps will help make the process easier:

Maintaining indoor air humidity within - 50%.
Daily ventilation and cleaning of rooms.
Compliance with the diet.
Avoid contact with chemicals.
Disinfection of the premises from rodents and insects.
Avoid contact with animals.

Medications

It is possible to completely reduce the sensitivity of the body to allergens and prevent the development of concomitant diseases only with the use of medications. To date, there are several regimens of therapy, when taken in short time all symptoms of allergic rhinitis disease disappear.

Consider the most popular and effective medications.

Antihistamines

Antihistamines interfere with the process of connection of inflammatory mediators. Due to this, people suffering from the disease.

The group of these drugs includes the following drugs:

"Tavegil".
"Desal".
"Loratadin".
"Cetirizine".

Antihistamine medicines are divided into several generations. Therefore, before purchasing this or that drug, it is worth consulting with a specialist.

Topical glucocorticosteroids

The composition of these drugs for allergic rhinitis includes adrenal hormones. The most effective hormone is glucocorticosteroid, it is he who resists inflammation and prevents the development of an allergen reaction in tissues. Using drugs of this group, it will be possible to remove the symptoms of the disease in just 2-3 days.

In the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis are used:

"Fluticasone".
"Triamcinolone".
"Mometasone".

These drugs practically do not have side effects on the human body, but still they should not be abused. With long-term use, patients may develop saprophytes in the respiratory organs.

Elena Petrovna 9 903 views

Among the allergic reactions affecting different systems and bodies human body one of the first places is occupied by allergic rhinitis, which occurs either in a certain season or recurs throughout the year.

This disease is typical for both adults and children. The disease is based on inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal passages, accompanied by various symptoms.

Causes of allergic rhinitis

The development of the disease is based on a specific reaction immune system in response to influence specific antigen. In simpler terms, an allergic reaction of the body to certain kind allergen.

The disease is divided into seasonal and year-round forms of the disease, certain reasons lead to the development of each of its forms.

Common causes of rhinitis

To common reasons the development of a runny nose under the influence of an allergen include a number of diseases and physiological states person is:

hereditary predisposition;
Prolonged contact with strong allergens;
Increased permeability of the mucous layer of the nasal passages, which can be caused by certain diseases;
Frequently recurring acute respiratory infections;
Unreasonable and frequent prescription of antibiotics for the treatment of colds;
Anomalies of development and acquired deformities of the nasal cavity;
low blood pressure, increased clotting blood.

The manifestation of nasal congestion in childhood, caused by an allergen, most often occurs in those babies who have a metabolic disorder, diseases of the digestive system.

The cause of the disease can also be the immaturity of the nervous system, therefore, in boys, a prolonged runny nose caused by an allergen often appears before puberty, and in girls after the arrival of the first menstruation.

In infants and in early childhood, the disease is mainly caused, as they grow older, the body begins to respond more to inhaled, that is, airborne, allergens.

Causes of the seasonal manifestation of the disease

The term seasonal rhinitis refers to the form of the disease in which its symptoms worsen at a certain period of the year, for Russia it is spring and summer, that is, the beginning of flowering plants.

The most common cause of this disease in the warm seasons of the year is plant pollen, but there is also a group of patients who react to spores of fungi growing in the summer.

Seasonal allergic reaction of the body in the form of nasal congestion aggravated during dusting certain herbs, plants, shrubs or trees.

First peak.

The appearance of a larger number of patients with seasonal rhinitis occurs at the end of April - May, and the beginning of June, and this is due to the flowering of trees such as ash, birch, alder, oak, hazel.

Second wave.

The frequency of exacerbations of nasal congestion occurs at the end of June and July. At this time, mainly cereal plants bloom - fescue, timothy.

Third wave.

Associated with pollination of weeds - quinoa, wormwood, and plantain. The flowering of these herbs occurs in August, and in some regions in September.

It must be said that wild plants cause an allergic reaction in the form of a severe cold several times more often than cultivated forms.

Causes of the year-round form of the disease

A year-round runny nose caused by an allergic reaction occurs throughout the year. A similar diagnosis is usually made to a person if exacerbations of the common cold occur at least twice a day for nine months a year.

Symptoms of the disease can either worsen or subside again, but almost never completely stop.

The culprits of the year-round form of the common cold are many external and internal factors but the most common ones are:

Allocate and special form diseases - allergic occupational rhinitis.

Allergy symptoms are detected in workers who are forced to come into contact with flour, latex, animals, medicines, feathers or down of birds.

The development of this disease is most often based on a high concentration of an allergen, which has affected the human body for a long time.

Symptoms of the disease

Allergic rhinitis is a disease that the doctor can already establish during examination and focusing on the patient's complaints.

In allergic rhinitis, the acute period of the disease occurs almost immediately after contact with the allergen and is manifested by sneezing, secretion of abundant mucous secretion from the nose, and itching of the mucous membranes.

Swelling occurs in the nasal passages, which leads to the development of severe nasal congestion.

With a sufficiently high concentration of the allergen that affects the body and with a long period of contact, the disease can also manifest itself with general symptoms, such as headache, weakness, deterioration in general well-being.

Nasal congestion caused by a particular allergen is classified according to the duration of the entire symptomatology and according to the severity of the general clinical picture.

Allocate intermittent and persistent forms of the disease.

Intermittent.

Manifested mild symptoms, the general well-being of patients is not disturbed, that is, they can work, study and practice without problems physical labor or sports.

Persistent.

Moderate and severe leads to:

To disruption of night sleep;
To a pronounced deterioration in general well-being;
To a violation of the usual activity and the inability to fully study, work or engage in sports sections.

Stages of the course of the disease

The disease can proceed in several stages, and the detection of the disease at the first stage helps to prevent the development irreversible changes in the nasal cavity.

The first stage is vasotonic - this stage of the disease manifests itself with the appearance of periodic nasal congestion, which is associated with a change vascular tone.
The stage of vasodilation - is manifested by frequently recurring nasal congestion, accompanied by vasodilation and requires frequent use of drugs to relieve symptoms.
The third stage is the stage of chronic edema. On examination, the doctor pays attention to the strong swelling and cyanosis of the mucous layer. The patient is constantly worried about nasal congestion, nasal breathing is weakened, and the application vasoconstrictor drops not efficient.

The patient is worried constant feeling congestion, polyps often grow, secondary infections join, the sinuses become inflamed, the inflammatory process can also pass to the middle ear.

Conjunctivitis also becomes a frequent companion of the disease, which is expressed by reddening of the sclera, profuse lacrimation and itching of the eyes.

You can also pay attention to puffiness and pallor of the face.

What tests need to be done

The diagnosis of the disease is made on the basis of complaints, clinical picture, when examining the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity.

This diagnosis is confirmed by numerous diagnostic procedures, they include:

Skin testing, the so-called. This analysis is carried out using a set of standard allergens.
Identification of general and allergen-specific IgE in the blood. An increase in the level of this blood indicator indicates an allergic reaction in the body.
AT general analysis blood a significant number of eosinophils is also an indicator of the development of allergies.
Cytology of discharge from the nasal cavity. The smear reveals mast cells, eosinophils, and plasma cells.
Rhinoscopy in the presence of an allergic rhinitis allows you to see a change in the color of the mucous membrane, the presence of discharge. Chronic nasal congestion is manifested by narrowing of the nasal passages.

At long course the disease also affects the change in the appearance of a person, which also draws attention experienced doctor.

The patient may have bluish circles under the eyes, an enlarged back of the nose, constantly drying lips, in children the mouth is ajar.

Discharge from the nose caused by an allergen in its symptoms and changes occurring in the nasal cavity is similar to other diseases.

The doctor's task is also the correct differential diagnosis.

It is necessary to separate a specific runny nose from such diseases as:

Infectious rhinitis;
Anomalies of development;
Neoplasms in the nasopharynx;
Tuberculosis;
Immunodeficiency diseases.

Positive results of allergy tests, identification of a blood pattern characteristic of allergies, certain complaints and examination of the nasal cavity allow the doctor to make a diagnosis without any doubt and prescribe a competent treatment regimen. If necessary, patients rent others.

Treatment

Therapy of the identified disease depends on its severity, the clinical picture and the age of the patient.

The disease in most cases cannot be cured to the end, therefore, all prescribed medications are used to alleviate all symptoms and to prevent possible complications.

From medications appoint.

Antihistamines

Antihistamines in tablets are most often prescribed during an exacerbation with year-round rhinitis, and with a seasonal runny nose, it is more effective to drink them in advance, which reduces the severity of the disease or does not allow symptoms to develop at all.

For long-term use choose latest generation that do not cause serious adverse reactions and addiction.

Vasoconstrictor drops

Necessary for severe swelling and congestion of the nasal passages. Their use facilitates breathing and significantly reduces the volume of mucous secretions from the nose.

Naphthyzinum, Nazol, Tizin, Naso-spray are prescribed.

The use of vasoconstrictor drops must be approached with extreme caution - an increase in dosage and days of use leads to rapid addiction.

According to patients, as an alternative to vasoconstrictor drops, which are not recommended for use for more than 5-7 days, it was used, which was applied in a thin layer to the nasal mucosa.

Mast cell membrane stabilizers

Allow to take off inflammatory processes in the nasal cavity. Topical sprays are often used.

These include cromones - Kromoheksal, Kromosol, Kromoglin.

These drugs also prevent the development of an immediate reaction of the body to the allergen and therefore are often used as prophylactic.

Hormonal drugs

The disease is treated with hormonal drugs only in the absence of the effect of antihistamines and anti-inflammatory therapy.

Medicines with hormones are not used for a long time, and only a doctor should select them for his patient.

Enterosorbents

The disease also affects the accumulation of toxins in the body, which leads to an even greater increase in symptoms.

Enterosorbents - Enterosgel, Filtrum, Polysorb can help to get rid of toxins from the body.

Usually these drugs are prescribed for several days.

Hyposensitization

When establishing the diagnosis described in the article of the disease, it is used only if the type of allergen negatively affecting the body is known exactly.

The technique consists in introducing minimal doses of the allergen into the body of a sick person.

Under the influence of this substance, the body gradually gets used to its effects, due to which the symptoms of the disease decrease and in some cases disappear completely.

The introduction of the allergen is carried out under the supervision of a physician, and full course may take several years.

The disease for treatment requires an increase in immunity and treatment chronic diseases, especially those associated with the digestive tract.

With a year-round runny nose, drugs are selected that can be used for a long time, that is, for several months.

With seasonal rhinitis, the treatment that is carried out a few weeks before the expected exacerbation of the disease is especially effective.

Treatment with folk remedies

Seasonal rhinitis occurs most often under the influence of plant pollen. Therefore, the use of herbal preparations for the treatment of this disease can only lead to an increase in all symptoms.

Therefore, to folk treatment Allergic rhinitis can be attributed only to the general hardening of the body, which helps to increase immunity.

Some patients are helped to reduce the manifestation of the disease by the use of mummy.

One gram of fresh mummy should be dissolved in a liter of water and drunk throughout the day. The course of treatment lasts up to 10 days.

But if you notice an increase in the entire clinical picture when using this remedy, then this means folk remedy doesn't suit you.

Features of the course and treatment of the disease in children

An allergic reaction in children in the form of nasal congestion occurs more and more often every year. Exudative diathesis predisposes to the disease, frequent colds, uncontrolled use of antibiotics, predisposition.

The seasonal manifestation of the disease is first detected in most cases in children older than four years.

With more early development The disease causes hidden symptoms, that is, there is a slight itching of the nose and eyes.

The intensity of all manifestations depends on the concentration of pollen in the air and on weather conditions, that is, in windy weather, symptoms increase, and in rain they decrease.

Perennial rhinitis in children is manifested by nasal congestion and paroxysmal sneezing.

This is especially true for morning hours. With a long course of the disease, babies develop bruises under the eyes, some puffiness of the face, lips periodically dry, and conjunctivitis may occur.

In a severe form of the disease, both mental activity and general development child.

To treat this disease in children must begin with the creation of a favorable environment. That is, it is necessary to remove animals or fish from the house in case of an allergy to them.

Constant wet cleaning, elimination of mold pockets is necessary. In the warm season, you need to reduce the impact of pollen, which is achieved by using masks, and in the house air conditioners with a filter.

Sometimes the only option to completely eliminate a severe seasonal runny nose is to move to another climatic zone where allergenic plants do not grow.

ATTENTION : Medical treatment a sick child is selected only by a doctor.

Need to find the most effective remedy, which will not have a negative effect on the baby's body, will not be addictive and will help to quickly and effectively cope with all the symptoms of the disease.

The manifestation of the disease during pregnancy

Permanent nasal congestion during pregnancy often occurs for the first time, which is associated with a decrease defensive forces organism.

Nasal congestion and difficulty breathing are especially difficult to perceive in the last trimester. Reducing the supply of oxygen to the mother's body is dangerous for the fetus.

The doctor selects the treatment regimen for persistent nasal congestion during pregnancy. Many drugs can be dangerous and toxic to the child's body, so self-treatment unacceptable.

Consequences and prevention of the disease

Allergic rhinitis increases the permeability of the mucous membrane of the nasal passages for infections.

It has also been proven that prolonged runny nose reduces mental activity, affects performance, causes irritation, and can even cause chronic depression.

A certain relationship between allergic rhinitis and the development of asthma has been proven.

In adults, allergic rhinitis contributes to the development of snoring. Chronic form diseases often leads to the development of otitis media and eustachitis.

Prevention:

Avoid exposure to the allergen.
Before possible contact with the allergen, special sprays or tablets should be used to prevent the development of allergy symptoms.
After the street, it is necessary to rinse the nose and face, which allows you to partially remove the irritant.
At home, you need to constantly do wet cleaning.

Allergic rhinitis, unfortunately, is a disease that in most cases accompanies a person throughout his life and therefore it is necessary to learn how to live with it.

Preventive measures taken on time, avoid the development of severe symptoms of the disease.