Rectally, orally, buccally, sublingually - how to use it? Oral drug administration.

It's pretty simple in Latin.- per os means through the mouth. This is how many drugs are taken. That's what they used to say in recipes. This is how they taught us to write, but it turns out that they taught us in vain. Recipes today are not the same as they used to be. And write what this tablet it is necessary to accept per os there it is not necessary at all.

Reception medicines orally- the most traditional and widespread. Many tablets dissolve well in the stomach and are absorbed by its walls and intestinal walls. Sometimes, on the contrary, in order to treat diseases of the stomach, drugs are used that are very poorly absorbed in the stomach. However, this allows you to achieve the maximum concentration of the drug in the stomach and at the same time get good effect from local treatment.

Oral medication also has quite a few drawbacks. The largest of them is for a long time before the start of the action of a particular tablet. This is called the therapeutic effect. The rate of absorption of the drug and the completeness of absorption, and this is called the bioavailability of the drug, is also different for each person. This is due to many reasons - with age, with the condition gastrointestinal tract, with food intake, with age, and sometimes with the sex of a person. Some drugs have very low bioavailability on their own. Therefore, if the drug in the instructions says that its bioavailability is no more than 20%, then it is better to look for some alternative drug.

Oral medication is simply not possible with vomiting, in unconscious and in young children. And this can also be considered a big minus of this method of taking medications. Among other things, some oral drugs create very harmful metabolites that break down in the liver, causing great harm to it.

But at the same time, taking pills through the mouth is very convenient and no one is going to refuse this method of administering drugs into the body.

In addition to tablets, powders, capsules, dragees, solutions, infusions, decoctions, syrups, and pills can be taken orally. Majority medicines when taken orally, you need to drink large quantity water. however, it should be borne in mind that there are drugs that perfectly help to cure one disease, but negatively affect another organ. Examples include tablets such as otrofen and diclofenac. They are great for curing joint pain and inflammation in arthritis, but at the same time, these drugs can lead to the development of stomach ulcers. Therefore, they need to be taken under the guise of another drug. It can be omez or any other antiulcer drug. Therefore, here again, you need to carefully read the instructions. After all, it is not for nothing that these smart pieces of paper are put in every box with medicine.

If the drug enters the body, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract, then this method will be called parenteral. And these are, first of all, inhalations and injections.

Greetings, dear readers! During treatment various diseases we often have to deal with medical terms, many of which remain incomprehensible to us. For example, when prescribing a drug, the doctor recommends oral administration. And only when we begin to fulfill the prescriptions, the question arises: orally - what does this mean and how to take the medicine. Let's figure it out.

What does oral mean?

I immediately answer the question: orally, this means in the mouth, that is, the pill must be swallowed.

There are two main ways to introduce medicinal substances into the body: enteral and parenteral. The enteral method is directly connected with the gastrointestinal tract, the parenteral method bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. The oral route belongs to the first type.

Traditionally, medicines are taken orally, produced in the form of:

tablets;
powders;
solutions;
capsules;
tinctures.

These drugs can be swallowed, chewed, drunk. Most often, patients have to drink tablets: this is the most popular form of application. They give effect within a quarter of an hour after taking.

Drugs taken orally pass through the body in the following way:

The medication enters the stomach and begins to be digested.
The drug is actively absorbed into the blood and gastrointestinal tract.
Molecules of the drug are carried throughout the body.
Passing through the liver, some of the substances that enter the body become inactive and are excreted by the liver and kidneys.

The use of oral agents has been known in medicine since ancient times. Psychologically, this is the most comfortable way of taking medicines, even for children, especially if the drug has a pleasant taste. Being conscious, a person of any age can take a pill or tincture and alleviate his condition.

However, despite the high popularity, drugs taken orally have their drawbacks along with the advantages.

How do they act?

Today, many patients prefer to inject themselves medical preparations in the form of injections, especially if we are talking about antibiotics. The motivation is simple: when injected active substance immediately enters the bloodstream, bypassing the stomach, while with internal use, the intestinal microflora suffers.

However, injections are always associated with psychological discomfort, and drugs are no less capable of harming the stomach than when taken orally.

Medicines for oral administration (that is, oral administration) are well absorbed through the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. The advantages of such an administration are that in some diseases it is possible to use drugs that are poorly absorbed in the intestine, due to which their high concentration is achieved. This method of treatment is very popular for gastrointestinal diseases.

There are quite a few disadvantages of this method of taking medications:

compared to some other methods of administering drugs, this one acts rather slowly;
the duration of absorption and the result of exposure are individual, since they are affected by the food taken, the state of the gastrointestinal tract and other factors;
oral administration is not possible if the patient is unconscious, or he has vomiting;
some drugs are not rapidly absorbed into the mucous membranes, so they require a different form of application.

The intake of many drugs is tied to food intake, which allows you to achieve the best therapeutic effect. For example, many antibiotics are recommended to be drunk after meals in order to injure the intestinal microflora to a lesser extent.

Wash down the preparations, as a rule, with water, less often with milk or juice. It all depends on what effect is expected from the medication, and how it interacts with fluids.

Despite obvious shortcomings, internal use continue to be actively used in medicine, forming the basis of home treatment.

If the article was useful to you, advise your friends to read it. In the social networks. The information has been provided for informational purposes. We are waiting for you on our blog!

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How is it orally?

Often, when reading the instructions for use, some medicine or on TV, we come across the phrase "take the drug orally." The natural question, which, for sure, everyone once asked, was “but, in fact, how is it orally?”

Oral means through the mouth, that is, in other words, the medicine must be swallowed.

There are many ways for the drug to enter the body, oral is usually prescribed with the condition that the drug will be well absorbed by the stomach.

If these are tablets, then a special outer capsule is made for them - a special shell that increases the absorption of the drug by the food system.

The oral route has its drawbacks.

Before the therapeutic effect of the drug occurs, a sufficiently large amount of time will pass, since the stomach does not immediately determine where exactly, it is necessary to “deliver” the drug.

The absorption rate, as well as the absorption process, are strictly individual for each patient, since the body has individual, only one of them. inherent features digestive system.

Drugs can form ineffective metabolites that are very poorly absorbed by the stomach. In addition, the liver and pancreas can simply not “pass” the drug into the blood, thereby blocking any manifestation of the therapeutic effect of the drug.

The oral route of administration of drugs is ineffective if the patient has an increased level of gag reflexes or if the person is unconscious.

Oral medications are most often prescribed for medicines that are available in the following dosage forms: tablets, solutions, capsules, pills and powders.

Well, now we can say with confidence that you are familiar with the term "oral" and, if necessary, will be able to deal with the features of the annotations.

The article was prepared specifically for the site - http://zhenskiy-sait.ru

Types of medication

Of the shortcomings, it should be noted, firstly, possible problems when using children's medicines. Even sweet-tasting fruit mixtures are not always readily accepted by babies, not to mention bitter pills or powders. Secondly, some drugs, when interacting with gastric juice, lose their properties, and some, on the contrary, can harm the digestive organs. Thirdly, it takes time for orally administered substances to enter the bloodstream, which sometimes simply does not exist in stock. It is for this reason that the method of administering medications should be prescribed by a specialist, based on the current situation.

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Taking medications orally - how is it?

Majority prophylactic and vitamins are usually prescribed to patients orally. This, as a rule, allows you to carry out the course with minimal discomfort. After all, the patient simply consumes powders, tablets or capsules, drinking them with a sufficient amount of liquid.

If a medicine is prescribed to be taken orally, how is it?

Unfortunately, some patients do not understand medical terminology, and are embarrassed to ask when prescribing treatment (or do not want to look stupid). Therefore, having received a prescription, they try to figure out what oral medication means. Well, if we are talking about pills (here, as a rule, everything is clear anyway). And if incomprehensible powders or liquids in ampoules are prescribed, you can get confused.

But everything is not so difficult. This method of treatment is perhaps the simplest of all available. And it means elementary ingestion, that is, the introduction into the body through the mouth. So taking medicine orally is like simply swallowing food. Usually when assigned similar treatment the specialist also indicates the dosage, the number of doses per day and recommends treatment before, after or during meals.

Types of medication

When are oral medications given? These are, as a rule, cases of the patient being on home (outpatient) treatment, as well as in a hospital in cases where immediate administration of the drug is not required, there are no contraindications to this method of application. In more difficult situations when the patient is unconscious, there are certain digestive problems that prevent the normal ingestion of drugs, another is used - enteral administration of drugs (already using probes and other devices). The same method can supply nutrient mixtures directly into the stomach of patients who, for one reason or another, are unable to swallow food on their own.

In the event that immediate administration of the drug is required, apply parenteral routes its administration (subcutaneous, intravenous or intramuscular). They are also used for drugs whose contact with digestive tract undesirable or contraindicated.

Advantages and disadvantages of oral medication

Undoubtedly, this is the simplest and least unpleasant way introduction of a substance into the body. Its main advantage is naturalness. A person eats food every day to get enough useful substances, water and other drinks to replenish fluids. Therefore, it will not be difficult for him to swallow an additional few tablets or capsules. With powders and liquids, things are a little more complicated, but they can also be drunk.

And rectal insertion.

The advantage of the oral route of administration of drugs is that after administration, the drug passes through two natural barriers - the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract and the liver. The effectiveness of the oral route of administration depends both on the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug - its physical and chemical properties, absorption rate and time to reach the maximum concentration, the half-life of the drug, and the physiological properties of the body - changes (acidity) in various departments digestive system, the surface area from which drugs are absorbed, perfusion of the tissues of the digestive system, the secretion of bile and mucus, the properties of the membranes of the cells of the epithelium of the organs of the digestive system, and others physiological processes flowing in the digestive system.

The effectiveness of oral administration also depends on food intake: most drugs are characterized by decline when taken with food, but for some agents, bioavailability when taken with food may rise.

Orally, medicines are best taken 20-30 minutes before a meal (if the instructions for medical use not otherwise indicated), in a standing position, washed down with water. This sequence is due to the fact that before eating, the stomach has not yet had time to stand out the juices of the digestive system that can destroy chemical structure the drug, and drinking water is necessary so that the drug less irritates the gastric mucosa. Taking medication in a standing position is recommended to avoid drug retention in the esophagus: when taken orally, the drug sequentially passes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, duodenum and small intestine.

The action of the digestive system begins directly in oral cavity, as a result of which most drugs for oral administration are coated with a special coating that prevents them from being affected by saliva enzymes.

In addition, oral preparations are not recommended to be chewed.

Preparations coated with a special coating resistant to the action of saliva and stomach enzymes are not subject not only to chewing, but also to separation into parts.

There are drugs in the form of orodispersible tablets that are resistant to the action of enzymes of the digestive system and provide rapid absorption and a rapid onset of its therapeutic effect.

The process of assimilation of part of the drugs begins in the stomach. The duration of the process of absorption of drugs in the stomach depends on the acidity gastric juice, the state of the gastric mucosa and the time of gastric emptying. From the stomach, drugs enter the duodenum, where, under the influence of duodenal and pancreatic juice, as well as under the influence of bile components, the absorption of drugs continues.

After duodenum the drug enters the small intestine, where the process of its absorption is completed. Most drugs are absorbed into small intestine which contributes to high area suction (400-500 m²,). Increased absorption in the small intestine is also achieved by mucosal folds and a large number villi on the mucous membrane. The rate of absorption of the drug also depends on the intensity of the blood supply to the intestine in the absorption zone. Components intestinal juice also contribute to the dissolution of the shells of drugs that do not dissolve in the oral cavity and stomach.

Oral formulations

For oral use, drugs are available in the following forms:

tablets,
capsules
microcapsules,
pills,
dragee,
powders,
solutions,
suspensions,
syrups,
emulsions,
infusions,
decoctions,
granules,
drops.

To improve the absorption of the main active ingredients of drugs, technologies have been created to improve this process:

Special pressing of tablets,
Coating tablets or other medicines with an acid-resistant film,
Creation of therapeutic oral systems in the form of a tablet (multi-coated, including) for uniform release active ingredients drug in the gastrointestinal tract.
Controlled release of medicinal substances can also be achieved by creating special forms in the form of microcapsules with the drug, coated with a special substance (polymer) that slowly dissolves under the influence of the juices of the digestive system and ensures a uniform flow of the drug into the gastrointestinal tract by diffusion of the drug through the membrane of the capsule .

Advantages and disadvantages of oral drug use

The advantages of oral administration of drugs is the passage of drugs and their metabolites before being absorbed into the blood by two natural barriers - the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract and the liver, on the membranes of which selective filtration of substances entering the body takes place.

The advantage of the oral route of drug administration is that this method the most physiological, simpler - there is no need to resort to help medical staff. In addition, oral administration causes fewer side effects from taking the drug, which can be observed with parenteral administration.

The advantage of oral administration is that the absorption of the drug is slower than with parenteral administration, which also reduces the number of side effects from the action of drugs.

Certain oral preparations are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and are used for local action in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract antihelminthics, part of antibacterial, antifungal and antacids), which also reduces the likelihood of systemic side effects from taking these drugs.

The disadvantages of oral administration of drugs is that some of the drugs (for example, or) are destroyed by the enzymes of the digestive system when taken orally, and therefore it is impossible to use them per os. In addition, drugs with a local irritant effect, or drugs that break down to form toxic or inactive metabolites, should not be used orally.

The disadvantage of oral administration is that the action of the drug is affected by food intake and the characteristics of the biochemical reactions of the body of a particular person.

Among the factors affecting the effectiveness of drugs is also the intake of other drugs, the age of the patient, the state of the enzymatic activity of his body.

When taken orally, drugs are absorbed more slowly, which makes impossible the use of oral administration in the provision of emergency medical care.

Also, drugs are not used orally in patients who are unconscious, with vomiting, in patients with mental disorders, at congestion in big circle circulation in young children.

For right choice the route of administration of the drug should take into account the purpose of prescribing the drug, general state physiological functions organism, the nature of the main and concomitant diseases patient, as well as the patient's adherence to certain methods of treatment.

Denial of responsibility

Article on oral medication medical portal My Pills is a compilation of material obtained from authoritative sources listed in the Notes section. Despite the fact that the reliability of the information presented in the article " Oral medication» verified qualified specialists, the content of the article is for reference only, is not guidance for independent(without recourse to a qualified medical specialist, doctor) diagnosis, diagnosis, choice of means and methods of treatment.

The editors of the My Pills portal do not guarantee the truth and relevance of the materials presented, since the methods for diagnosing, preventing and treating diseases are constantly being improved. To get full medical care, you should make an appointment with a doctor, a qualified medical specialist.

Notes

Notes and explanations to the article "Oral administration of drugs".

Enteral route of drug administration is the route of administration into the body, in which the absorption of the drug is carried out in a physiologically adequate way, that is, through the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. In this sense, enteral administration is opposed to parenteral administration (when the drug is delivered to the body bypassing intestinal mucosa - usually intravenously).
At sublingual application, drugs, bypassing the liver and not being exposed to gastric juice, enter the bloodstream. The drug is taken sublingually by placing it under the tongue (accordingly, the drug is directed into the circulation through its absorption under the tongue).
For buccal the introduction of drugs, special dosage forms are used, on the one hand, providing rapid absorption in the oral cavity, on the other hand, providing the opportunity to prolong absorption to increase the duration of the drug. An example is the drug Trinitrolong (active substance Nitroglycerin), which is produced in the dosage form of a film for sticking to the gum. Trinitrolong is a biopolymer-based plate that sticks to the mucous membrane of the cheek or gums.
pH, pH value, acidity - a measure of the activity (in very dilute solutions it is equivalent to concentration) of hydrogen ions in a solution, quantitatively expressing its acidity. The pH value is usually measured in values from 0 to 14, where pH = 7.0 is considered neutral acidity (normal physiological acidity in humans is also 7, but the critical limits are in the range from 5 to 9 pH). The most simple and affordable way check the pH of the body - pH urinalysis, for which visual pH test strips are used.
Bioavailability drug substance is the amount (relative to the amount of the initial dose) of unchanged drug substance that has reached the blood plasma.
Enzymes, enzymes - as a rule, protein molecules or ribozymes (RNA molecules) or their complexes that catalyze (accelerate) chemical reactions in living systems. Enzymes, like all proteins, are synthesized as a linear chain of amino acids that fold in a certain way. Each peptide sequence folds in a special way, as a result of which the resulting protein globule (molecule) has unique properties. Enzymes are present in all living cells and contribute to the transformation of some substances into others. Enzymatic activity can be regulated by inhibitors and activators (inhibitors decrease, activators increase). According to the type of catalyzed reactions, enzymes are divided into six classes: oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases.
Insulin- a protein hormone of a peptide nature, formed in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. Insulin has a significant effect on metabolism in almost all tissues, while its main function is to lower (maintain normal) blood sugar levels. Insulin increases permeability plasma membranes for glucose, activates the key enzymes of glycolysis, stimulates the formation of glycogen from glucose in the liver and muscles, enhances the synthesis of proteins and fats. In addition, insulin inhibits the activity of enzymes that break down fats and glycogen. Absolute (in DM 1) or relative (in DM 2) insulin deficiency is the cause advanced level blood sugar at diabetes, in the therapy of which an analogue is used human insulin(first produced by the Eli Lilly Company in 1923). Today, insulin is administered parenterally (subcutaneously), but more recently, inhaled insulin has been developed to be taken orally.
Streptomycin- a medicinal product produced, as a rule, in the form of a powder for the preparation of a solution for intramuscular injection, historically the first antibiotic of the aminoglycoside group, the second after penicillin. Streptomycin, produced by the radiant fungus Streptomyces globisporus streptomycini or other related microorganisms, is a first-line anti-tuberculosis drug used to treat diseases caused by penicillin-resistant bacteria. Streptomycin is administered intratracheally, intrabronchially (in the form of aerosols), intracavernous. In tuberculosis, streptomycin is administered intramuscularly, that is, parenterally.

When writing an article about oral administration of drugs (means), materials from information and reference Internet portals, news sites MerckManuals.com, FDA.gov, HowMed.net, ScienceDaily.com, STGMU.ru, Wikipedia, as well as the following printed editions:

Frolkis A. V. « functional diseases gastrointestinal tract". Publishing house "Medicine", 1991, Moscow,
Pokrovsky V. M., Korotko G. F. (editors) “Human Physiology. Educational literature for students medical schools". Publishing house "Medicina", 2007, Moscow,
Zimmerman Ya. S. “Clinical gastroenterology. Library of a medical specialist. Publishing house "GEOTAR-Media", 2009, Moscow,
Sokolova N. G., Obukhovets T. P., Chernova O. V., Barykina N. V. “Pocket reference book nurse". Phoenix Publishing House, 2015, Rostov-on-Don,

All routes by which drugs enter the human body, can be divided into two subgroups: parenteral and enteral.

The former include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and others. The latter ensure that the drug enters the human body through the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines. This subgroup includes the method orally. It's like putting a pill on your tongue and swallowing it. In addition, there are rectal (through the rectum), sublingual (under the tongue), subbucal (into the space between the cheek and gums) entry of drugs into the body.

Oral administration is like swallowing a drug, which helps it enter the human body in this way, followed by absorption in the stomach, intestines.

Pharmacokinetics

The drug makes a dizzying flight through the esophagus and enters the stomach, and then the intestines, where it is slowly absorbed over thirty to forty minutes. After suction active principle enters the portal vein. Further, the blood flow carries the drug to the liver, and there straight into the inferior vena cava, then into right side working heart and from there - to the pulmonary circulation.

Having swept through a small circle, the medicinal substance is sent through the pulmonary veins to left side working heart, where from arterial blood carried to target organs and tissues.

In a similar way, which means orally, liquid and solid dosage forms enter the human body.

Advantages of the method

Oral administration is simple, convenient and most physiological. The medicinal substance enters the body in a natural way.
No special training is required to use this method. Any patient can use this method independently.
Oral administration is absolutely safe.

Disadvantages of the method

The medicinal substance enters the systemic circulation very slowly, and also slowly reaches the target organ.
Inconsistent absorption rate. It depends on the presence of contents in the intestines and stomach, the degree of their fullness, motility of the gastrointestinal tract. With reduced motility, the rate of absorption also decreases.
Medicines enter the stomach, intestines, orally. This properly exposes them to the enzymes of the stomach, intestinal juice, and later the metabolic enzymes of the liver system. All these enzymes destroy most drugs even before it enters the systemic circulation (for example, nitroglycerin is destroyed by ninety percent when taken orally).
You can not use those drugs that are poorly absorbed in the intestines and stomach (antibiotics aminoglycosides, for example) or are destroyed there (growth hormone, alteplase, insulin, for example).
Some drugs irritate the intestines with the stomach up to ulcerative lesions(salicylates, corticosteroids).
In this way, it will not be possible to administer the drug if the patient is unconscious (if only one resorts to intragastric administration using a probe), when the patient constantly and continuously vomits, when there is a tumor in the esophagus, there is massive edema that disrupts the absorption of the drug in the intestine.

Types of diseases for which this method is preferable

The choice of the method of administration of the drug depends on the ability of the latter to dissolve in water or non-polar solvents, on the severity of the disease, on the location of the pathological process.

With a disease of the respiratory system of mild / moderate severity.
With diseases of the intestines, stomach of any severity.
With diseases of the heart, blood vessels
In diseases of soft tissues, skin of moderate / mild severity.
With ailments of the endocrine system of moderate / mild severity.
In diseases of the musculoskeletal system of moderate / mild severity.
In diseases of the mouth, ears, eyes - in severe cases.
For diseases genitourinary system moderate/mild severity.

Dosage forms taken by mouth

Many drugs can be given orally to the patient. These are both tablets and powders, both tinctures and decoctions.

Powders - the simplest dosage form, which is a drug crushed in a mortar (coffee grinder). When taken orally, it is better to drink the powder with the required amount of mineral or plain water. Powders are used in medical practice rarely.

Infusions and decoctions - often found dosage forms that are prepared by water extract from medicinal raw materials plant origin. Infusions and decoctions are not stored for a long time and quickly deteriorate. They need to be stored in the refrigerator for no more than two days.

Tinctures - alcohol-water, alcohol-ether and alcohol extracts, without the use of heat treatment, prepared from medicinal raw materials. The dosage is made in drops, which can be diluted in a small amount of water before taking. Their difference from infusions and decoctions is that tinctures are able to retain their therapeutic effect for a long time.

Syrups are a child-friendly dosage form that is a mixture of a drug and a concentrated sugar solution. Stored in a glass container, closed after boiling.

Tablets - oral preparations of an oval, round or other shape. Usually biconvex. They are made by pressing the drug with special machines. Easy to use, retain their properties long time, portable. The taste of the drug in them is not so noticeable.

Conclusion

The oral route is simple and convenient, easy to use and does not require special training. Allows you to easily control the intake of the drug. It is enough for the doctor to write out a prescription - and the patient will continue the treatment on his own.

Greetings, dear readers! In the process of treating various diseases, we often have to deal with medical terms, many of which remain incomprehensible to us. For example, when prescribing a drug, the doctor recommends oral administration. And only when we begin to fulfill the prescriptions, the question arises: orally - what does this mean and how to take the medicine. Let's figure it out.

What does oral mean?

I immediately answer the question: orally, this means in the mouth, that is, the pill must be swallowed.

There are two main ways of introducing drugs into the body: enteral and parenteral. The enteral method is directly connected with the gastrointestinal tract, the parenteral method bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. The oral route belongs to the first type.

Traditionally, medicines are taken orally, produced in the form of:

tablets;
powders;
solutions;
capsules;
tinctures.

These drugs can be swallowed, chewed, drunk. Most often, patients have to drink tablets: this is the most popular form of application. They give effect within a quarter of an hour after taking.

Drugs taken orally pass through the body in the following way:

The medication enters the stomach and begins to be digested.
The drug is actively absorbed into the blood and gastrointestinal tract.
Molecules of the drug are carried throughout the body.
Passing through the liver, some of the substances that enter the body become inactive and are excreted by the liver and kidneys.

However, despite the high popularity, drugs taken orally have their drawbacks along with the advantages.

How do they act?

Today, many patients prefer to administer their medications in the form of injections, especially when it comes to antibiotics. The motivation is simple: when injected, the active substance immediately enters the bloodstream, bypassing the stomach, while when administered internally, the intestinal microflora suffers.

However, injections are always associated with psychological discomfort, and drugs are no less capable of harming the stomach than when taken orally.

There are quite a few disadvantages of this method of taking medications:

compared to some other methods of administering drugs, this one acts rather slowly;
the duration of absorption and the result of exposure are individual, since they are affected by the food taken, the state of the gastrointestinal tract and other factors;
oral administration is not possible if the patient is unconscious, or he has vomiting;
some drugs are not rapidly absorbed into the mucous membranes, so they require a different form of application.

Wash down the preparations, as a rule, with water, less often with milk or juice. It all depends on what effect is expected from the medication, and how it interacts with fluids.

Despite the obvious shortcomings, internal use continues to be actively used in medicine, forming the basis of home treatment.

If the article was useful to you, advise your friends to read it. In the social networks. The information has been provided for informational purposes. We are waiting for you on our blog!