Causes salivation. Endocrine diseases: diabetes mellitus and thyrotoxicosis

We don't understand why, when we are worried or worried, our mouth becomes very dry.

And all this happens because when a person experiences a feeling of excitement or fear, there is a sharp rush of blood to the brain and muscles.

Meanwhile, the digestive system suffers from a lack of blood, salivary glands slow down your work and, as a result, your mouth becomes dry. As soon as we calm down, salivation improves.

Besides this reason, there are many others. In medicine, there is a special name for dry mouth - xerostomia.

Dry mouth causes or treatment of xerostomia.

This manifestation may threaten various complications. After all, saliva is a lubricant for the oral cavity, with its help we taste and swallow food.

Saliva washes away pieces of food left on the teeth, neutralizes acids and helps in the fight against caries. If salivation becomes less, the risk of gums and teeth becoming infected increases.

People with xerostomia are more likely to have the disease oral cavity. Taste sensations will also change for the worse - after all, it is saliva that influences their formation. Dry mouth increases the risk of sore throat and may cause hoarseness.

Let's look at the types - dry mouth, causes, treatment.

Let's start with simple shapes, which do not require special treatment, and will gradually move on to more complex ones.

• - Do you have a dry mouth and a headache in the morning? Did you drink alcohol last night? Then it’s clear - you’re intoxicated or hangover syndrome. Drink more water, take medications that improve the functioning of your stomach, and in about a day everything will pass.
• - if you have a runny nose, a sore throat, or a damaged nasal septum, this means that you are likely to snore while you sleep. And during snoring, the oral mucosa constantly dries out, which naturally leads to dry mouth. In the case of a sore throat and runny nose, everything will go away as soon as you take the necessary course of treatment and recover. If nothing can be fixed (nose), try to sleep on your side or stomach on the edge of the pillow, pressing your nose to it so that it can breathe freely. This reduces the likelihood of snoring and, as a result, dryness.
• - bad habits. Nowadays, a lot of people smoke – both adults and young people. But this one bad habit also makes the oral cavity dry - the smoke you inhale fills it and the saliva dries out. In this situation, there can be only one piece of advice - quit smoking quickly and the condition of your cavity will return to normal.
• - many people also like to eat salty or spicy foods. Due to the fact that people often consume spicy pickles, their mouth becomes dry and they constantly want to drink, and more than they need. And this also threatens complications - you may develop hypertension due to a large accumulation of fluid. There is only one piece of advice - try to eat such foods as little as possible.
• - very often dry mouth is caused by taking medications. There are about four hundred types of such drugs (for example, antidepressants, sleeping pills, antiallergic drugs, antihypertensive drugs, anorexants, sedatives, anticholinergic drugs, diuretics and many others). Depending on the dosage and duration of medication use, mild to moderate dryness may occur. How to eliminate: reduce the dosage, change the dosage regimen or replace the medicine.
• - if you are on a special diet and eat only liquid and pureed foods, you are also at risk of decreased saliva production. This diet is found in people who have recently undergone jaw surgery or in older people. If for a long time If you use this diet, your salivary glands may atrophy. How to fix it - expand your diet, do exercises to work your masticatory muscles.
• - Very often dry mouth occurs when stressful situations or with strong excitement, as well as with protracted depressions. For treatment, tranquilizers, antidepressants or sedative drops or tablets are prescribed.
• - very sharp and constant dryness is one of the main indicators of Sjögren's syndrome. This disease most often affects women over forty years of age. The salivary glands located near the ears periodically swell, and the mucous membranes of the stomach, nose and other mucous membranes become dry. Joint syndrome appears and reactivity changes. Treatment is prescribed for the most important disease in this syndrome (this is determined by the doctor) and is symptomatic. Can be used as therapy different compositions artificially created saliva if other treatment methods have not given the desired effect.
• - during the radiation therapy In case of head tumors, the salivary glands are irradiated, causing them to dry out. Here, treatment is carried out symptomatically, since the causes of the occurrence have not yet been fully deciphered. Pilocarpine, aceclidine, prozerin, and galantamine can be used as prescribed by a doctor. If the form of the disease is severe, artificial saliva is also used.
• - if, simultaneously with xerostomia, signs of thirst, polyuria, and increased appetite appear: all these are signs of diabetes. In this case, insulin therapy is prescribed.
• - impaired salivation is present in 80 percent of people with glossodynia (this is a neuralgic disease during which the patient stops feeling the tongue and changes in taste qualities). It dries out your mouth the most at night. Before treatment, the patient undergoes a thorough examination. All this takes place in several stages, during which diseases accompanying glossodynia (nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine system, digestive organs and others). During treatment may be prescribed sedatives, neuroleptics and tranquilizers. They can also use onofresis and applications from a solution of novocaine and citral.
• - xerostomia can also occur if a person is sick chronic gastritis or hepatocholecystitis. In this case, the underlying diseases are treated.

And in order to make it easier to tolerate and try to reduce dry mouth, you can carry out the following actions(they are suitable for all cases):

Causes of dry mouth

Dry mouth is a pathological condition, which is designated in official medicine The term "xerostomia" is used. It is caused by insufficiency of secretory function salivary glands. Xerostomia is not considered as separate disease, but as a symptom of certain somatic or nervous disorders.

Dryness in the mouth may be accompanied by the appearance of an unpleasant odor associated with the proliferation of microorganisms and insufficient washing ability of saliva due to its lack.

Possible causes of dry mouth

Factors that cause xerostomia include:

• application of some pharmacological drugs;
• consumption of significant amounts of coffee;
• drinking alcohol;
• smoking;
• nervous tension (stress);
• low ambient humidity (at the same time a burning sensation or sore throat appears);
• non-compliance drinking regime(low fluid intake);
• hyperhidrosis (excessive loss of moisture through the sweat glands);
• chronic rhinitis (accompanied by difficulty in nasal breathing);
• stomatitis (inflammation of the oral mucosa);
• Sjögren's syndrome (the salivary and lacrimal glands may be affected);
• Hodgkin's lymphoma;
• diabetes;
• hepatitis;
• gastritis (in the acute stage);
• pyelonephritis;
• Parkinson's disease;
• HIV infection (AIDS);
• sialadenitis (inflammation of the salivary glands).

Medicines that can cause dry mouth include some antiallergic drugs with a sedative (calming) effect.

This antihistamines first generation:

Xerostomia can be caused by antidepressants, for example, Fluoxetine. Dry mouth is also observed when taking large doses of Ephedrine or Atropine.

Important: in total there are over four hundred drugs that can suppress the activity of the salivary glands. These include diuretics, drugs for hypertension, analgesics and drugs to combat edema.

Dysfunction of the salivary glands develops during radiotherapy of the neck and head area, i.e., irradiation during the treatment of malignant tumors.

Chemotherapy drugs (in particular, cytostatics) prescribed for oncological diseases, provoke an increase in the viscosity of saliva, which also causes a feeling of dry mouth.

The secretory activity of the salivary glands is negatively affected hormonal changes, which is typical during menopause in women.

Characteristic symptoms of xerostomia

They talk about impaired salivation following symptoms:

• feeling of viscosity in the mouth;
• dryness and burning of the back of the tongue;
• sore throat;
• problems swallowing;
• the appearance of cracks and ulcers on the lips;
• inflammation of the mucous membrane of the cheeks, gums and palate;
• change in taste (including the appearance of a metallic taste);
• bad breath;
• change in articulation (pronunciation of sounds).

Complications of xerostomia

Lack of saliva leads to digestive disorders. It is known that the breakdown of carbohydrates begins in the mouth. Saliva is responsible for washing the teeth and delivering them to hard tissues necessary minerals. The disadvantage of this unique biological fluid leads to disruption of the microbiocenosis of the oral cavity, which is fraught with infectious and inflammatory diseases.

What measures can you take for dry mouth?

To get rid of xerostomia, you need to treat the underlying disease, and not fight its symptom. In particular, with sialadenitis, anti-inflammatory therapy allows for a short time normalize functional activity salivary glands.

Note: Dentists treat sialadenitis and stomatitis. It is recommended to contact specialists of this profile when xerostomia has developed without visible reasons.

It is important to consume coffee and alcohol in moderation. Both caffeine and ethanol have a pronounced diuretic effect, leading to dehydration.

If your dry mouth is related to medication, it is important to consult your doctor. Perhaps the question will be raised about replacing the drug or interrupting the course of treatment (if xerostomia has caused pathologies of the oral mucosa).

In hot weather and with increased sweating, it is advisable to increase the volume of water consumed from one and a half to two or three liters per day. During hiking For long distances, it is advisable to drink water with a small amount table salt– this will reduce the natural loss of fluid by the body.

Traditional medicine recommends taking an infusion of marshmallow root for dry mouth. 2 tbsp. l. dried plant substrate should be infused in 250 ml boiled water within minutes. It is recommended to drink the resulting product 1 tbsp. l. from 3 to 5 times a day. Duration of treatment – ​​6 weeks. If Sjögren's syndrome is diagnosed, it is necessary to undergo 2-month courses of therapy three times a year, also with breaks of 2 months.

To stimulate saliva production, it is advisable to stimulate the nerve endings in the mouth with a simple exercise. Having opened your mouth slightly, you need to stick out and hide your tongue, and then move it in different directions, closing your front teeth. Repeat the movements once.

Important: special rinses have been developed to moisturize the oral cavity. Your dentist can recommend them to you. Most of these liquids contain antibacterial components.

It is preferable to consume drinks without sugar or with minimal sugar content. It is better to avoid sodas with artificial sweeteners and colors altogether.

Lollipops (especially those with a sour taste) and sugar-free chewing gum will help stimulate salivation.

If you have xerostomia, it is advisable to avoid spicy and salty foods, as well as solid foods, as they can cause pain in the mouth.

Plisov Vladimir, medical observer

The information is provided for informational purposes only. Do not self-medicate. At the first sign of disease, consult a doctor. There are contraindications, a doctor's consultation is required. The site may contain content prohibited for viewing by persons under 18 years of age.

Salivation disorders

Salivation (or salivation) is one of the most important processes in the human body, providing normal condition mucous membranes of the oral cavity, gums, teeth, tongue.

Unfortunately, the process of salivation in some cases can proceed incorrectly, which will be discussed in the article.

1. Types of disorders of normal salivation

Hypersalivation

Saliva is formed in too large quantities, it must be constantly spat out or swallowed.

There are very frequent cases of saliva leaking from the mouth during sleep, when the muscles, including the facial ones, completely relax, and the person is simply not able to control himself at such a moment.

However, the condition of the oral mucosa most often does not cause any concern in patients.

Moreover, in the vast majority of cases, hypersalivation goes unnoticed and is considered a completely normal phenomenon.

In children who have not yet turned four years old, teeth cut and grow very quickly, and the gastrointestinal tract develops. Most often, the process of development of the salivary glands in this case simply cannot “keep up” with other development processes in the body.

Hyposalivation

With hyposalivation, too little saliva is produced, which physical level can be felt by people as painful dry mouth, roughness of the mucous membranes, microtrauma of the tongue, difficulty swallowing (as after a long thirst). In patients with hyposalivation, plaque forms very quickly. Unfortunately, this can provoke the growth of tartar.

2. Diseases in which this syndrome occurs

Excessive salivation may indicate:

Insufficient saliva production indicates:

3. Diagnostics

• Therapist (first of all!);
• Neurologist;
• Dentist;
• Endocrinologist;
• Gastroenterologist;
• Maxillofacial surgeon.

Hyposalivation can be diagnosed as follows: a specialist examines the oral mucosa; if it is very poorly moistened or completely dry, saliva resembles foam or is completely absent, then measures need to be taken.

The doctor will help determine whether hypersalivation is real or false (for example, increased salivation occurs during obsessive states, impaired swallowing functions, and neuroses).

4. Treatment

It is worth saying that if hypersalivation is a consequence of inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, then treatment is not required (except for the treatment of a specific inflammatory disease, which has nothing to do with salivation).

If hypersalivation is associated with work disorders nervous system, then it should be treated equally with the underlying disease. In this case, tranquilizers and antidepressants are used, as well as hypnotherapy.

In case of drug hypersalivation, the “provoking” drug is discontinued or its dosage is reduced. A popular pharmaceutical remedy for combating hypersalivation is atropine (but it will only give a temporary effect). Also, with increased salivation, prosthetics are often prescribed.

In case of disturbances in the process of salivation, galvanization of the salivary glands is also used. Electrophoresis using a 1% solution of galantamine hydrobromide is often prescribed.

At home

You can also take multivitamin complexes prescribed by your doctor and additionally sanitize the oral cavity, use iodine-containing preparations, vitamin A. Peach oil, lysozyme, and borax in glycerin (sodium tetraborate) will soften the mucous membrane and relieve inflammation.

The following folk remedies can be used:

1. Decoctions of herbs (chamomile, oak bark). They should be used as a mouth rinse;
2. Viburnum berries;
   • It is necessary to crush 2 tbsp. spoons of fruit in a mortar, pour a glass of boiling water, leave for four hours. After this, the mixture is filtered and used for external and internal use(can be drunk instead of tea).
3. Tincture of water pepper;
   • Dilute a tablespoon of the drug in water and use it to rinse after each meal.
4. Tincture of shepherd's purse;
   • 25 drops diluted in 80 grams clean water, used for rinsing after meals.
5. Drink tea without sugar or water (add lemon juice).

IMPORTANT: folk remedies should only be used if the problem of salivation is not serious!

Before using any of the remedies, you need to familiarize yourself with the side effects and contraindications.

5. Prevention

All prevention of salivation disorders comes down to patients’ careful monitoring of their health, lifestyle and diet, as well as timely medical examinations to identify factors that provoke hyper- or hyposalivation. In addition, it is necessary to properly care for your teeth and oral cavity.

Daily oral care

6. Forecast

The prognosis for hyper- or hyposalivation will be favorable only if effective fight with the disease that provoked this illness!

In conclusion, it is worth saying that salivation disorders in most cases are easier to prevent than to fight them. Remember that the state of your health is directly proportional to your care for it.

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Causes of thick saliva in the mouth

The salivary glands secrete a multicomponent fluid, which consists mainly of water. About 5% of saliva is represented by enzyme compounds, proteins, acidic salt residues and many trace elements. Maltase and amylase contained in the oral cavity, being organic enzymes, are involved in the process of breaking down polysaccharides immediately after eating. Thanks to lysozyme, the growth of pathogenic bacteria is controlled.

General information

Why does a person sometimes experience foamy and overly thick saliva? It's all about the high molecular weight glycoprotein mucin, which is responsible for the formation and enveloping food bolus. A disruption in the functioning of this mechanism creates difficulties with swallowing food and moving it along the esophagus. From which we can conclude that thick saliva is an important attribute initial stage digestion process. The autonomic nervous system is responsible for how much saliva is released. In this regard, people who are asleep or under the influence of anesthesia experience dry mouth. Exposure to different smells and tastes triggers a dramatic increase in saliva production.

The appearance of excessive thickness and white saliva causes wide range reasons. Activation of the actions of irritants present in the oral cavity and the launch of impulses in sympathetic department nervous system, increase salivation. To prescribe the correct treatment, it is necessary to diagnose the underlying provoking disease.

Causes of thick saliva

Saliva may become thick for the following reasons:

• Sinusitis. Chronic sinus disease makes itself felt by thick mucus and bad breath. The mucus produced by the sinuses continuously moves from the mouth to the throat. The nasal cavity swells and saliva thickens. Patients make efforts to clear the throat of sticky mucus and then spit out the clot. The chronic form of the disease is complicated by headache and, less commonly, fever. If you suspect sinusitis, you should immediately make an appointment with an otolaryngologist.
• Xerostomia. Sudden disruption of the salivary glands, complicated by severe dryness. The saliva becomes very viscous. The surface of the tongue thickens, the functioning of the receptors is disrupted, and there is a burning sensation in the mouth. Sometimes the throat feels sore and sore.
• Fungal candidiasis. Infection, developing due to impaired immune function after long-term use of antibiotics and corticosteroids. It can also be triggered by contact routes of infection and personal hygiene items. Candidiasis can be a symptom of much more serious illnesses: diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis, AIDS. With thrush, you may experience a metallic taste in the mouth, difficulty swallowing food, itching and burning of the mucous membranes.
• Sore throat, pharyngitis, laryngitis. Diseases affect the tonsil area. Infection causes the formation of purulent blisters, and their spontaneous rupture creates discomfort in the mouth. The inflammatory process is accompanied by elevated temperature, which deprives the body of water and inhibits the function of the salivary glands.
• Periodontitis and periodontal disease. Due to damaged gum tissue, the amount of saliva produced decreases. Elements epithelial tissue penetrate into the salivary fluid, which makes it viscous and white.
• Infectious diseases acute nature: dysentery, typhoid fever, hepatitis.
• Diseases gastrointestinal tract. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). With such a pathology gastric juice rises into the oral cavity. In this case, additional saliva production is necessary to neutralize stomach acid.
• Endocrine disruptions. Change hormonal levels occurs during pregnancy, puberty and menopause. These reasons can also cause thick saliva.
• Autoimmune diseases. A serious disease that is practically untreatable. Pathology manifests itself in damage to the exocrine glands, including the salivary glands.
• Dehydration. Water is the main component of saliva. A lack of fluid in the human diet leads to an increase in saliva viscosity. A person needs 1.5–2 liters of water per day to avoid dehydration. This is the minimum dose that ensures the proper functioning of all body systems.
• Dry air. Often saliva becomes foamy and viscous due to negative influence dry air on the respiratory system. In a poorly ventilated room, where air humidity does not meet standards, the oral mucosa instantly dries out. As the mucus thickens, it forms crusts around the perimeter of the inside of the throat, which is manifested by soreness and a dry cough. Thus, air masses, moving along the respiratory tract, receive the necessary moisture due to the moisture of the mucous membranes. The mouth and throat are not responsible for humidifying the air. For this purpose it is intended nasal cavity, in which a special muconasal secretion is produced. When a person cannot breathe normally through his nose, he uses his mouth to do this, so the saliva immediately begins to thicken.
• Smoking. Tobacco smoke causes irritation of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, and the volume of mucus increases. Many smokers complain of the feeling of a foreign object in their throat.
• Action of allergens. Thick saliva observed in certain months, speaks of a seasonal allergy to pollen.
• Taking medications. There are categories of drugs that cause this side effect like thickening of saliva. It can be hormonal pills, antidepressants and antihistamines.
• Diabetes. Dry oral mucosa and thick saliva are often observed against the background of hyperglycemic conditions.

In addition to a sharp reduction in the volume of secreted saliva and, as a result, an increase in viscosity, patients may experience additional symptoms:

• Impaired taste perception
• Sore throat
• Foul odor from the mouth
• Cracks on the lips and corners of the mouth, dry mucous membranes
• Burning sensation in the palate and tongue
• Hardening muscle fibers language

Features of treatment

It is possible that saliva becomes thick due to temporary hormonal imbalances. In such cases, medication is not required, and the natural secretion of saliva is restored after some time. To understand the causes of impaired salivation, an in-person consultation with a dentist is necessary. He will interview the patient, give directions for tests, and only then select the appropriate course of treatment. As a rule, an accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause allows one to prescribe the correct treatment method, which will lead to a gradual normalization of the functioning of the salivary glands.

The first thing that needs to be done is to stabilize the level of moisture in the oral mucosa. The following treatment procedures can help with this:

• Rinsing the mouth with anti-inflammatory herbal decoctions and soda-salt solution. To eliminate the symptoms of laryngitis, it is advisable to use antiseptics, for example, Hexoral.
• Use of artificial saliva. Used in the form of drops or spray.
• Spray moisturizers and gel substitutes. Well-known manufacturers produce drugs in the form of gel and spray, which instantly help eliminate dry mouth. In addition, they contain antibacterial components designed to eliminate unpleasant odors.
• Mucolytics. A group of medications to increase the production and thinning of saliva. Bromlane and acetylsteine ​​have proven themselves well.
• Inhalations. They help those who have problems with the lungs and bronchi. Suitable for inhalation pharmaceutical drugs, and herbal infusions, for example, St. John's wort or sage.
• Chewing gum with sugar substitute. Excellent stimulation of the salivary glands.

Folk remedies to reduce saliva viscosity

• A decoction of pine needles and pine bark. Pour 4 tablespoons of ingredients with a liter of boiling water. Keep on low heat for 10 minutes, and then leave to infuse for an hour. Take the strained drink on an empty stomach three times a day, 2 tablespoons.
• A mixture of aloe and honey. Take a tablespoon orally no more than twice a day.
• Propolis with peach oil. Lubricate the oral cavity with the mixture in the morning and evening.

Preventive measures

Daily preventive actions will reduce the risk of thick saliva. The following recommendations should be followed:

• Drink sufficient quantity liquids. Give preference to clean drinking water that has not undergone heat treatment. Non-carbonated mineral waters are welcome. If you add papaya juice to a glass, you can thin your saliva, since this fruit contains proteolytic enzymes.
• Get rid of bad habits. Alcohol and tobacco have a detrimental effect on saliva.
• Limit intake of caffeinated and carbonated drinks that dehydrate the body.
• Don't indulge in dairy products. Excessive consumption of milk and cheese creates soil for the formation of excess mucus. It is useful to drink yogurt, as it normalizes the microflora of the oral cavity.
• Regularly rinsing your mouth with a warm saline solution will remove mucus and make saliva less viscous. Do not rinse your mouth with alcohol-based solutions.
• Avoid overcooling the body
• Dentists recommend using sugar-free chewing gum
• Several times a week it is useful to breathe over a saucepan with hot water or boiled potatoes.
• Include fresh vegetables and fruits, as well as grains, in your food diet. Proper nutrition is the key to high-quality salivary fluid.
• To humidify the air in the bedroom, it is recommended to purchase a humidifier.

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Answers questions

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Xerostomia (dry mouth) is a subjective complaint of dry mouth. Patients complaining of dry mouth often do not have objective signs of reduced saliva production (SL) and their symptoms are rather secondary to qualitative and/or quantitative changes in the composition of SL. Normally, the stimulated flow rate is 1.5-2.0 ml/min, while the unstimulated flow rate is approximately 0.3-0.4 ml/min. The diagnosis of hyposalivation (little saliva, decreased secretion) is made when the stimulated flow rate is 0.5-0.7 ml/min and the unstimulated flow rate (basal secretion) of saliva is ~0.1 ml/min. Xerostomia in patients with objective hyposalivation is diagnosed when the rate of salivary flow is less than the rate of fluid absorption through the oral mucosa plus the rate of evaporation of fluid from the oral cavity.

Little saliva, reasons

Chronic xerostomia is a significant burden for many people. In particular, a condition in which there is little saliva affects speech, chewing, swallowing, and wearing dentures. Xerostomia secondary to hyposalivation (little saliva production) can lead to rampant dental caries, oral fungal infections (eg, candidiasis), changes in taste, unpleasant smell from the mouth, a burning sensation in the mouth. The most common cause of low saliva (hyposalivation) is the use of certain medications (for example, anticoagulants, antidepressants, antihypertensives, antiretroviral drugs, glucose-lowering drugs, levothyroxine, multivitamins and nutritional supplements, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and steroid inhalers), radiation therapy to the head and neck area, Sjögren's syndrome, depression, anxiety and stress, or malnutrition.
The prevalence of xerostomia in the population ranges from 5.5% to 46% and increases with increasing age. Low saliva remains an unresolved common complaint, especially among the elderly population.

Treatment of hyposalivation

Several approaches have been proposed to treat the condition of low saliva, but all of them are aimed at reducing the symptoms of dry mouth and increasing the flow of saliva. Simple available funds- proper hydration of the body and oral cavity; increase in air humidity at night; avoiding solids food products; using sugar-free chewing gum; chewing gum (cherry, plum gum) is especially beneficial. Medications that are useful include mucosal lubricants, Cl substitutes, and Cl secretagogues.

Systemic sialogens (stimulants of salivary secretion)

Pilocarpine and cevimeline (evoxac) are two systemic medications approved to treat conditions that feel like there is little saliva in the mouth. Their effect depends on the presence of healthy salivary glands. Pilocarpine stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system. Cevimeline is a salivary gland stimulant with a more pronounced effect than pilocarpine. Both drugs are indicated when the mouth is dry. Pilocarpine is usually given at a dose of 5 mg three times daily for at least 3 months and cevimeline is prescribed at a dose of 30 mg three times daily for at least 3 months. Side effects of drugs: excessive sweating, vasodilatation of the skin, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, persistent hiccups, bronchospasm, hypotension, bradycardia, increased frequency of urination and vision problems. Both pilocarpine and cevimeline are contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled asthma or chronic diseases lungs; beta-adrenergic blocker users. Drugs should be used with caution in patients with active peptic ulcer stomach or uncontrolled arterial hypertension. Pilocarpine is contraindicated in people with glaucoma and iritis.

Anethole trithione is a choleretic drug, enhances the flow of Cl, improves salivation of the oral cavity.

Help yourself!

• Chew sugarless gum and suck on candywithout sugar to stimulate saliva production.
• Sip water and drink sugar-free drinks often throughout the day and with meals.
• Avoid sugary or starchy foods and drinks as they increase the risk of tooth decay.
• Cut down on coffee, tea, caffeinated sodas and alcohol.
• Don't use tobacco.
• If you have little saliva, avoid salty or spicy food, which can cause a burning sensation in the mouth.
• Use a humidifier to add moisture to the air.
• Brush your teeth at least twice a day
• Visit your dentist two or three times a year.

When to see a doctor

• If your mouth is constantly, chronically dry and sticky
• Call emergency services if you suddenly have severe problems swallowing or breathing.

Dry mouth can be successfully treated with home remedies and herbal teas.

The condition of dry mouth is called xerostomia. Dryness occurs because there is not enough saliva produced. Depending on the degree of dryness, it may be difficult for a person to swallow, speak, eat, and distinguish the taste of food. According to the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, symptoms of dry mouth may include: a sticky feeling, difficulty swallowing and chewing, a burning sensation, dry throat, chapped lips, rough dry tongue, mouth ulcers and infections. In people with these symptoms increased risk development of caries, oral infections and gum diseases. Luckily, there are several options that, when combined correctly, can help increase saliva production and reduce dry mouth.

Steps

Change your diet

Drink plenty of water. Drink at least 2 liters of water (that's about 8 glasses) per day. This is the first thing you need to do to get rid of dry mouth condition. Drink in small sips throughout the day. Add water and other liquids to your food, for example, eat more soups and cereals.

Eat foods that increase salivation. Eat sour and tart foods: lemons, limes, sour candies, pickles, kiwi.

Chew sugarless gum. Chewing motions will help stimulate saliva production. Chewing gum MUST be sugar-free, because sugar contributes to tooth decay.

Eliminate foods and drinks from your diet that cause dry mouth. Avoid alcohol, coffee, cigarettes, chewing tobacco, and salty foods. Processed foods, e.g. instant cooking and canned foods often contain excessive amounts of salt, so these foods should also be avoided. They promote moisture loss.

Avoid regularly rinsing your mouth with special mouthwashes because they often contain alcohol or peroxide, which can cause your mouth to feel dry. So use mouthwashes that contain xylitol instead, which is often added to foods to minimize the feeling of dry mouth.

Use products that produce artificial saliva. There are several medications, both prescription and over-the-counter, that create artificial saliva or stimulate the production of your own saliva. Artificial saliva is not a complete replacement for your own saliva as it does not contain the digestive and antibacterial enzymes found in real saliva. However, this saliva will help relieve discomfort and dryness. Products that imitate the action of real saliva - sprays, toothpastes, mouth rinses. Most of these products are available without a prescription. If you cannot find the product at the pharmacy yourself, ask a pharmacist to help you.

Breathe through your nose as much as possible. If you find it easier to breathe through your mouth, you will have to make an effort. If you have a stuffy nose, you may have problems. Then you should moisturize your nasal passages with a nasal spray, and you should also treat the congestion.

Use a humidifier. A humidifier is especially useful in dry regions or during the winter months when the air in your home becomes drier due to heating. It is best to use this device at night when you are sleeping. Follow the manufacturer's instructions when using a humidifier. Remember that overusing a humidifier is also harmful: moisture will begin to condense on walls and other surfaces, which can lead to mold growth. It's best to avoid sitting in front of a heater, fan, or air conditioner because they can reduce the level of moisture in your body, making your mouth feel more dry.

Salivation is a natural process of releasing colorless liquid into the oral cavity. Thanks to salivation, the oral cavity is irrigated, which contributes to the wetting of food and further gluing of chewed components for easier swallowing. Saliva also ensures correct articulation when speaking. Salivation also performs a cleansing function, since this biological fluid contains active substances having a bactericidal effect. Saliva also prevents premature destruction of tooth enamel.

As a rule, an adult produces from 0.5 to 2 liters of saliva per day. During sleep, the amount of saliva produced decreases. Also, a decrease in the production of this biological fluid is observed with voluntary directed attention. The secretion of saliva increases during eating under the influence of congenital and acquired reflexes.

Causes and types of salivation disorders

In clinical practice, two groups of salivary disorders are recorded. The first type, associated with excess saliva production, is called hypersalivation.(otherwise known as sialorrhea or ptyalism). The second type of salivation disorders, which is characterized by a decrease in the production of this biological fluid and the appearance of dryness in the oral cavity, is called hyposalivation and the extreme form of the disease is xerostomia.

All types of salivation disorders can be permanent or occur occasionally. The severity of disorders and the intensity of salivation depends on individual characteristics organism, underlying disease or provoking factor, functional state brain. In this case, the consistency (thickness) of the saliva produced depends on the dominant activity of the sympathetic or parasympathetic part of the nervous system.

Hypersalivation

The phenomenon of hypersalivation is based on an increase in the secretion of biological fluid by the salivary glands, a violation of the swallowing reflex and the accumulation of excess saliva in the oral cavity. As a natural physiological phenomenon that is not a disorder, hypersalivation is detected in young children aged 3 to 12 months. Increased salivation, in this case, is a natural reaction of the baby’s body to teething.

Impaired salivation is often the result of acute inflammatory processes affecting the oral cavity. Presence on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity infectious agents provokes an unconditional reflex increase in saliva secretion. This starts defense mechanism, designed to cleanse the oral cavity of pathogens. This type of hypersalivation is present with inflammation of the gums, acute sore throat, pharyngitis. Increased salivation also occurs when aphthous stomatitis– if present on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity ulcerative defects. Excessive production and secretion of saliva can be observed with helminthic infestations.

Impaired salivation in some cases is psychogenic in nature. This type of hypersalivation develops for no apparent reason, however, a close study of the patient’s mental history allows us to identify symptoms of neurotic and mental disorders. Most often, the patient’s portrait identifies the traits of hysterical personalities. It is worth noting that psychogenic hypersalivation almost always occurs in severe form. Many patients are forced to carry a container with them to regularly remove excess saliva.

Hypersalivation also accompanies the use of certain medications. Wherein excess quantity saliva is a consequence of impaired reflex swallowing.

Quite often, excessive salivation is recorded in patients with cerebral palsy. Impaired salivation is caused by a lack of coordination between the oral muscles, their weakening and difficulties in swallowing the products of the salivary glands.

Hypersalivation may be a symptom of Parkinson's disease, a chronic, progressive disease that affects older people. age group. Also, excess salivation is present in clinical picture pseudobulbar and bulbar syndrome. In such situations, the secreted fluid is thick in consistency, and the amount of saliva secretion is abnormally abundant.

Treatment of salivation disorders is aimed at eliminating the underlying pathology that provoked hypersalivation. Patients with excessive secretion of saliva should be examined by an otolaryngologist, neurologist, psychiatrist, dentist, or gastroenterologist. Treatment of hypersalivation is chosen by the doctor after establishing accurate diagnosis and is represented by the following events:

• the use of homeopathic remedies to normalize the secretory activity of the salivary glands;
• massage and physiotherapeutic procedures affecting the facial area;
• taking anticholinergic drugs - drugs that block the body's natural mediator acetylcholine;
• administration of botulinum toxin-based drugs that eliminate hyperfunction of the exocrine glands;
• carrying out radiation therapy to forcibly eliminate individual salivary ducts;
• surgical removal of several salivary glands.

Hyposalivation

The phenomenon of hyposalivation implies a decrease in saliva secretion and the development of dry mouth syndrome. With a decrease in saliva synthesis, there is a threat of suppuration in the oral cavity and the development of infectious processes in the nasopharynx. Lack of sufficient amounts of this biological fluid leads to changes taste sensations. A constant feeling of dryness in the mouth makes it difficult to speak normally and makes it difficult to eat dry food. Some patients experience unquenchable thirst, foul odor from the oral cavity. Patients with xerostomia very often suffer from chronic tonsillitis with severe relapses.

In extremely rare cases, this type of salivation disorder is determined in people who have a congenital defect - the absence of salivary glands. As a temporary phenomenon, a decrease in the production of this biological fluid occurs during periods of acute infectious conditions. Feverish conditions accompanying infectious and viral diseases, loss of fluid due to vomiting and diarrhea during poisoning lead to dehydration of the body, which is reflected in a decrease in the amount of saliva produced. Temporary dry mouth also occurs if a person has problems with nasal breathing due to a deviated nasal septum or the presence of polyps in the nasal passages.

More often this type Impaired salivation is a side effect that occurs when taking certain medications. Hypofunction of exogenous glands is provoked by more than 400 pharmacological drugs. After discontinuing this medication or reducing its dose, dry mouth syndrome goes away on its own.

Hyposalivation is determined in many chronic somatic diseases, such as:

• Sjögren's syndrome– autoimmune systemic damage connective tissue leading to decreased salivation due to developing pathology salivary glands;
• diabetes, characterized by a persistent increase in blood glucose levels;
• chronic gastritis – recurrent inflammation of the gastric mucosa;
• cholecystitis – inflammation of the gallbladder.

The likely cause of this type of salivation disorder is a systemic neurological disease called glossodynia. This pathology is characterized by impaired sensitivity of the tongue, dry mouth and changes in taste. The disease in most cases is detected in females over 30 years of age.

Another cause of dry mouth is acute transient total dysautonomia. This disease is a consequence of damage nerve fibers when exposed to infectious agents or allergens. Saliva production is also reduced in the presence of tumors in the brain structures due to the pressure of the tumor on the brain stem.

This type of salivation disorder may also have psychogenic causes. Dry mouth occurs in anxious people when nervous tension, under stress, with a sudden change in existing circumstances. A decrease in salivation is observed within depressive disorders, and hyposalivation is not always associated with taking antidepressants.

Symptomatic treatment significantly improves a person’s well-being, but after some time, salivation disorders return again. Therefore, to completely get rid of hyposalivation, a thorough examination and determination is required. the real reason decreased saliva secretion. After diagnosis drug treatment aimed at eliminating the underlying disease. To make the patient feel more comfortable, use:

• rinsing with potassium iodide solutions;
• treatment of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity with a retinol solution;
• moisturizing the oral cavity with a solution of lysozyme;
• novocaine blockades to eliminate pain;
• impact on the salivary glands with galvanic current;
• face massage.

It is recommended for a patient with hyposalivation generous reception liquids in small portions. Another folk remedy for improving the functioning of the salivary glands is regular chewing of some foods, for example: crackers, or sucking on lollipops.

How to deal with dry mouth?

Thank you

General information

Causes

Possible causes of dry mouth:
1. Side effect of taking certain medications . This effect is not uncommon for drugs sold both with and without a prescription. Dryness can be caused by drugs against colds, allergies, antidepressants, painkillers, drugs prescribed for obesity, for the treatment of acne, mental disorders, enuresis, bronchodilators, for diarrhea and vomiting. In addition, some sedatives and muscle relaxants have the same effect.
2. A number of infectious ailments and diseases internal organs , including: HIV, diabetes, Parkinson's disease, anemia, stroke, Schergen's syndrome, mumps, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease.
3. Side effects with a number of therapeutic methods . Decreased saliva production may occur after radiation to the head or chemotherapy for cancer.
4. Disturbance of innervation . During surgery or injury, the integrity of the nerves in the neck or head may be compromised.
5. Dehydration . Drying of the mucous membranes can occur with dehydration accompanying fever, diarrhea, vomiting, thermal injuries skin, blood loss, increased sweating.
6. Loss of salivary glands due to surgery.
7. Some bad habits , for example, addiction to nicotine.
8. Mouth breathing .

Signs

• strong desire to drink,
• feeling of stickiness and dryness in the mouth,
• cracks in the corners of the mouth and on the red border of the lips,
• dry throat,
• the tongue itches, it is hard and red,
• it becomes awkward to speak, hard to swallow,
• the taste perception of food decreases,
• the voice becomes hoarse
• my nose is dry
• your throat may hurt
• stench in the mouth.

Consequences

In the morning or at night

Dryness and bitterness in the mouth

Impaired movement of bile along the biliary tract can occur with gastritis, duodenitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis.
Very often, similar symptoms are observed in patients with neurotic disorders, amenorrhea.

Often, dryness and bitterness in the mouth are the first symptoms of cholecystitis and gallstones. In this case, the patient simultaneously complains of pain in the right side, which becomes more active after drinking alcohol or doing physical work.

Motor function is impaired biliary tract and in diseases of the thyroid gland, so with hyperfunction, the release of adrenaline into the blood increases, which leads to spasm of the smooth muscles of the ducts.

Many oral diseases are accompanied by dry mouth and bitterness. Inflammatory processes gums may also cause an unpleasant metallic taste or burning of the gums or tongue.

Nausea and dryness occur with Helicobacter gastritis

Most symptoms of IBS relate to the gastrointestinal tract, but when digestion is disrupted, the entire body suffers. Prolonged diarrhea provoke dehydration - so the patient feels dry mouth.

Main signs of IBS:

• pain in the epigastrium after eating, which goes away immediately after excretion of feces,
• diarrhea, often after eating before lunch,
• belching, feeling of a “lump” in the stomach.

Usually the condition worsens after anxiety or physical stress.

Side effect of taking antibiotics

Dry mouth may occur a few days after you start taking the drug and go away approximately a week after finishing treatment. Intensity discomfort depends on the following factors:

• qualities of the drug,
• dosages,
• body reactions to the drug,
• duration of therapy,
• dosage form.

• take the drug at certain hours, do not miss a dose or take it ahead of time, this will help avoid jumps in the concentration of the drug in the tissues,
• drink only clean water or weak tea,
• Be sure to take probiotics throughout the course of antibiotic treatment. Many side effects antibiotics are associated with disturbances of the intestinal microflora, including dry mouth, which can be accompanied by diarrhea and dehydration. Eating probiotics will help avoid dysbiosis,
• follow a diet. During antibiotic treatment, you should follow a gentle diet: eat light food, do not drink alcohol, do not eat fried or fatty foods. Do not take the drug with food, strictly follow the instructions.

For diabetes

In addition, the following symptoms are observed in diabetes:

• constant thirst,
• copious urination,
• sudden change in weight in any direction,
• skin itching,
• migraine-like pain,
• “jams” in the corners of the mouth,
• lethargy.

For pancreatitis

At chronic pancreatitis the body does not absorb many useful material from food. A lack of vitamins, iron and other microelements leads to cracks in the corners of the mouth, drying of the dermis, dullness of nails and hair. The stool in such patients is usually unformed.

Very often, patients suffer from pain in the left side of the abdomen that appears after eating. But pain may appear several hours after eating, especially if the patient’s diet consisted of fatty or spicy foods.
Appetite decreases, nausea and vomiting, belching, and flatulence are often observed.
Dry mouth, weight loss and diarrhea are typical for exacerbation chronic form pancreatitis.
To prevent exacerbations, it is important to carefully select your diet.

During menopause

All these unpleasant symptoms are usually not too pronounced, so the vast majority of women get used to them and do not feel sick. However, if a woman has suffered severe stress, serious illness or injury, then menopause can be very painful and in this case it is called climacteric syndrome.

All mucous membranes dry out: mouth, eyes, throat. Swelling, joint and heart pain may occur. The headache is very common, the pain becomes more active after bad sleep, emotional outburst.

Majority unpleasant symptoms goes away or is alleviated with a balanced diet, exercise, and adequate rest. Very helpful fasting days which need to be done once a week, you can also fast, but not more than once every 14 days and no longer than one day without the supervision of a doctor.

Multivitamins containing complex B, C, A, E improve the condition. You can drink them for 21 days, after which you rest for 21 days and repeat again. Very good at normalizing the state of the vegetative-vascular system sedatives based on plants: motherwort, valerian. You can drink them completely without danger to your health for a month, after which you take a break for the same period and repeat the treatment. Up to six courses of treatment can be carried out.

For HIV

Many people, against the background of this symptom, begin to eat worse, but this cannot be allowed - the body must receive a sufficient amount nutrients. Saliva is necessary for proper digestion of food, it also prevents the development of caries. When the mucous membranes are dry, the lips also feel bad – they dry out, crack, and itch. Dry mouth can be successfully combated, including with HIV.

Treatment with home remedies

How to increase saliva production?

• Drink more fluids
• Chew gum or suck candy, but without sugar,
• To cleanse the oral cavity, use fluoride-containing toothpastes and rinses,
• Eat less salty
• Quit smoking and alcohol,
• Control nasal breathing: do not breathe through your mouth,
• To ensure that the indoor air is sufficiently humid, you can use special humidifiers,
• There are pharmaceutical preparations that are saliva substitutes.