Powerful nootropics for the brain. Mechanism of action of nootropics

Modern medicine offers a wide range various drugs for children. These include drugs that are used in neurology. Often, if there are any deviations in the child’s neurological development, the doctor prescribes nootropic drugs. We will tell you in the article whether nootropic drugs are safe for children and what effects their use will entail.

What is a nootropic drug?

These drugs got their name from the fusion of two Greek words noos - mind and tropos - direction. The main effect of these drugs is to improve mental activity. In addition, nootropics help level out neurological deficits and increase the endurance of nerve cells under conditions of extreme influences (stress, hypoxia).

In scientific circles, it is believed that the difference between nootropics and other psychotropic drugs is the absence of such effects on the nervous system as stimulation and sedation (calming). Does not change when taking these drugs bioelectrical activity brain The only medicine that is an exception is Cortexin.

Another positive quality of drugs in this group is low toxicity and inability to impair blood circulation.

Mechanism of action and effects of nootropics

At the core pharmacological action of these drugs is their beneficial influence on metabolic processes in the brain:

They enhance the synthesis of high-energy phosphates (biological molecules that accumulate and transmit energy), proteins, and some enzymes.
Nootropics stabilize the membranes (shells) of neurons that have been damaged.

The following effects can be identified that nootropic drugs can have:

Reduction of manifestations asthenic syndrome(weakness, increased fatigue, drowsiness, decreased concentration, sleep disturbances);
Stimulation by some mental activity;
Fighting depression;
Have a moderate inhibitory effect on the nervous system;
Promote the resistance of brain cells (neurons) to oxygen deficiency;
Reducing the manifestations of epilepsy (moderate anticonvulsant effect);
Improving cerebral blood flow in vegetative-vascular dystonia;
Promotes activation of cognitive activity;
Promote the body’s adaptation to changing environmental conditions;
Strengthening immunity and general resistance.

These drugs have positive effects only with long-term use. Nootropic drugs for children with speech disorders and developmental disorders should be used for at least 2 weeks in combination with other therapeutic measures.

Indications and contraindications for use

Like any medicine, nootropic drugs have their own indications and contraindications, which must be taken into account by the doctor when prescribing these drugs.

Cerebral palsy;
Epilepsy;
Retardation in physical and mental development;
Speech disorders and delayed development;
Consequences of traumatic brain injuries;
Perinatal damage nervous system of various origins;
Past neuroinfections;
Restlessness, disinhibition, attention deficit.

In addition to the positive effects, nootropics can also have Negative influence if the child has the following contraindications to their use:

Impaired kidney function;
Increased intracranial pressure;
Severe psychomotor agitation;
Liver pathology;
Individual intolerance to any component of the drug

When new generation nootropic drugs are prescribed, the list for children is limited precisely by contraindications to their use. The use of any medicine must be agreed with the attending physician.

The best nootropic drugs for children

The modern pharmaceutical market offers a large number of drugs with nootropic effects. Such drugs are used in children of any age. Modern drugs are available in various dosage forms, which are suitable for use even in the neonatal period.

Cortexin

Available in the form of bottles with a ready-made solution. The route of administration is injection only (intramuscular). Contains a complex of polypeptide fractions obtained from the brain of piglets and/or calves.

The mechanism of action of the drug consists of processes such as:

Activation of neuropeptides (proteins that regulate the functioning of nerve cells) and factors that provide nutrition to the brain;
Optimizing the balance of inhibitory and excitatory substances in the brain;
Inhibitory effect on the nervous system;
Reduced seizure activity;
Prevents the formation of free radicals.

You can read more about indications and contraindications and the method of administration in a separate article dedicated to Cortexin.

Encephabol

The drug is available in the form of a suspension and tablets. Can be used from the neonatal period (first 28 days of life). The main effects of this drug are as follows:

Improves metabolic processes in brain cells;
Promotes the transmission of nerve impulses;
Stabilizes the structure of cell membranes, preventing the effects of free radicals (antioxidant effect);
Reduces blood viscosity and improves blood flow;
Improves blood supply in ischemic areas.

Impaired memory, thinking, fast fatiguability, decreased concentration;
Delayed mental development;
Encephalopathy;
Conditions after encephalitis (inflammation of brain tissue).

Encephabol is contraindicated in the following cases:

Sensitivity to pyritinol (main active substance);
Kidney dysfunction;
Severe liver damage;
Changes in peripheral blood tests;
Autoimmune diseases in the acute period;
Myasthenia;
Pemphigusa.

The drug is prescribed in dosages depending on age. Not recommended for use in evening time and at night. When using Encephabol in newborns at risk of developing perinatal pathology, the duration of treatment is 6 months, followed by repetition if necessary after 3 months.

Aminalon

The drug is produced and released in tablet form. Prescribed to children from 1 year. The main active ingredient of the drug is gamma-aminobutyric acid. The effects of the drug are that it:

Recovery metabolic processes in the brain;
Helps remove toxic substances;
Improves memory and mental activity;
Has a mild stimulating effect on the psyche;
Positively affects the restoration of movements and speech;
Stabilizes blood pressure.

In addition to the indications inherent in all nootropics, Aminalon is used for sleep disorders caused by increased blood pressure and motion sickness ( seasickness, in ground transport).

The only contraindications include hypersensitivity to the main component of the drug.

Aminalon is dosed according to age. Daily dose divided into 3 doses, before meals. The duration of treatment ranges from 2 weeks to 4 months.

Glutamic acid

This substance is available in tablets. Prescribed to children with infancy. Glutamic acid belongs to the group of non-essential amino acids. Actively participates in the metabolism and nutrition of the brain, protecting it from toxins and the effects of hypoxia.

Indications for use are:

Petite epileptic seizures;
Schizophrenia;
Cerebral palsy;
Mental exhaustion, insomnia;
Consequences of encephalitis and meningitis;
Consequences of birth trauma;
Polio;
Down's disease.

Taking glutamic acid is contraindicated for:

Damage to the kidneys and liver;
Anemia and inhibition of bone hematopoiesis;
Fever;
Peptic ulcer;
Hypersensitivity to glutamic acid;
Obesity.

Side effects may include allergic reactions, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and overexcitement. With long-term use, anemia and a decrease in white blood cell levels may occur, so blood tests should be monitored while taking this drug.

Semax

The only nootropic drug that comes in the form of nasal drops. Approved for use in children over 7 years of age. Used in pediatrics for complex treatment minimal brain dysfunction.

Prescribed 1-2 drops in each nasal passage in the morning and afternoon. The course of treatment is a month. Contraindicated in the presence of a history of seizures and acute mental disorders.

Phenibut

The release form of this drug is tablets. Approved for use in childhood. Phenibut is prescribed strictly according to indications and in doses appropriate to the child’s age.

The positive properties of the drug are expressed in such effects as:

Improvement cerebral circulation;
Increased mental and physical performance;
Reducing headaches, sleep disturbances;
Reduced irritability, emotional lability;
Improvement in motor and speech disorders;
Improving memory and attention.

The main indications for its use are:

Asthenic syndrome and anxiety;
Neuroses and obsessive states;
Stuttering, tics;
Urinary incontinence;
Prevention of motion sickness.

Phenibut is contraindicated only in case of individual sensitivity to the drug, and is also used with caution in diseases of the kidneys and stomach.

Nootropic drugs are widely used in pediatric practice. Have a wide range positive influences on the functioning of the nervous system. At the same time, they are classified as low-toxic products. An experienced neurologist can select an effective drug and prescribe an appropriate treatment regimen. Therefore, before using a nootropic, you should definitely consult your doctor.

Valentina Ignasheva, pediatrician, especially for the site

Useful video

Many people notice that with age or for other reasons (after strokes, traumatic brain injuries, birth asphyxia and other lesions of the central nervous system), their thinking becomes more difficult to solve industrial and everyday problems. And sometimes the mental load is too high for normal perception (for students during exams). In such cases, new generation nootropics prescribed by a neurologist come to the rescue.

Patients often ask questions: what are nootropics and how do they affect the central nervous system? It is worth learning more about this in order to use these funds more competently.

Nootropic drugs are drugs that improve metabolic processes in the brain and protect it from harmful effects. Thanks to this, they have a positive effect on memorizing information, mental activity and learning ability.

Nootropics for the brain officially belong to psychotropic drugs, but they differ from them in their ability to protect the brain from hypoxia () and in a significantly smaller number of side effects (they do not cause drowsiness, do not reduce the speed of reaction, do not inhibit brain activity, they are not addictive).

Groups

The list of nootropic drugs for the brain is very extensive, so for convenience they are divided into the following main groups:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid preparations (Aminalon, Picamilon and others).
Preparations of pyrrolidone (piracetam) and diaphenylpyrrolidone (phenotropil).
Pyridoxine derivatives (pyritinol).
Polypeptides (cerebrolysin).
Vitamin-like substances (idebenone).
Amino acids (glycine, tyrosine).
Other groups.

Neuroprotective substances that reduce oxygen starvation Central nervous system, prevent seizures, relax muscles.

Funds with nootropic effect, stimulate cognitive functions, promote better memorization and assimilation of information, and learning. They improve interneuron connections in the brain. The protective effect of nootropics (cerebroprotectors) is to normalize carbohydrate metabolism in the central nervous system, stimulation of neuronal recovery, antioxidant effect, stabilization of cell membranes.

The mechanism of action of nootropics on the brain includes the following effects:

antioxidant;
antihypoxic;
neuroprotection;
membrane stabilization.

In order for a positive effect to occur, nootropic medications must be taken in courses over a long period of time, since their effect usually does not appear or is minimal after one tablet. They are often prescribed in combination with other drugs that strengthen and protect the nervous system (vitamins, statins, psychostimulants).

As a rule, such treatment is indicated for elderly people, or those who have had organic cancer, and sometimes it is prescribed to children so that they develop normally.

Indications

Which nootropics are best to take for the brain should be decided individually by a neurologist.

There are the following indications for nootropics:

Diseases leading to degenerative phenomena in the central nervous system, such as discirculatory encephalopathy, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, infectious lesions brain, epilepsy.
Chronic alcohol abuse.
Constant drug use.
Asthenic syndrome, insufficient sleep.
Various neuroses.
Mental illnesses.
Mental retardation in childhood.

Contraindications

Contraindications to these medications depend on the group of the particular drug. It is contraindicated for people who have had an allergic reaction to the nootropic. However, they can choose a drug with a similar effect with a different composition.

You should also not take nootropics after a hemorrhagic stroke, with renal or liver failure, during pregnancy and breastfeeding. It must be remembered that to avoid unwanted effects, treatment with nootropic substances should be prescribed by a doctor. When self-medicating, the risk of various complications is much higher.

Side effect

When taking modern nootropic drugs, side effects occur much less frequently.

The following undesirable effects are possible:

sleep disturbance;
general weakness;
increased excitability;
digestive disorders (dyspepsia);
toxic effects on the liver and kidneys;
feeling of heat in the face and its redness;
allergic rash;
increased body temperature;
deterioration of balance;
sometimes - worsening of the course.

Description

New generation nootropics for the brain are usually more effective and have less side effects compared to older drugs:

Piracetam: has a positive effect on metabolic processes in the central nervous system. Indications for it are attacks of dizziness, speech disorders in children, and memory impairment. It is used as part of a complex emergency treatment with alcoholic delirium, with inflammatory processes in the brain, heart attacks.
Fezam: used for . It improves blood flow through the microvasculature and promotes metabolic processes in brain tissue. It also has a positive effect on the auditory and visual centers, has a pronounced antihypoxic effect, helps with headaches, memory and attention disorders.
Cerebrolysin: The positive effects of this medicine have been proven through research. There are forms for oral and intravenous administration. In complex therapy, it helps with strokes and traumatic brain injuries. It is also used for mental disorders. It has a positive effect on the mood and general well-being of patients, and improves cognitive function.

The modern rhythm of life leads to constant psycho-emotional and environmental stress. This condition has bad influence on the body. Promotes various cardiovascular diseases. It also negatively affects the functioning of the nervous system. As a result, irritability appears. Concentration decreases, memory deteriorates. About 50 years ago, as a result of research, nootropic drugs were developed. First clinical trial carried out using Piracetam. New medications are still appearing today. Let's look at the list of the most popular and sought-after nootropics according to users.

Nootropics for children

All medications for children contain safe substances, for example, vitamins, amino acids and neurotransmitters. There are no toxic components in the composition. According to the manufacturers, they do not cause side effects. Prescribed to improve memory and development creativity, increasing activity and curiosity. They normalize the resistance of nerve cells to a deficiency of nutrients and oxygen.

Advantages

Prescribed for the treatment of children of different age categories.
Safe composition.
Convenient release form.
You can choose an analogue drug at an affordable price. Naturally, you must first agree with your doctor.
Children respond more easily to nootropic drugs. Can continue to lead active image life.

Flaws

Strong side effects.
There are serious contraindications.

Rating of the best nootropics for children

Rating

Name

Price

411 RUR

1044 RUR

767 RUR

Points

Availability in the pharmacy network

Ease of use

Soft action

The drug was originally developed for the treatment of brain diseases. It is also used in combination with other drugs to treat children with developmental delays. Contains a complex of neuropeptides. It has antioxidant, tissue-specific, nootropic and neuroprotective effects. Produced in powder form for further preparation of injections. The active ingredient is obtained from pigs (cerebral cortex).

Increases stress resistance.
Improves concentration.
Reduces intoxication from the use of psychotropics.
It is even prescribed to newborns.
Has a complex effect.

Painful injections.
The price is not comparable to the quality.

"Cogitum"

According to the manufacturer, it activates the functioning of the brain and central nervous system. It has a normalizing, stimulating and general tonic effect. Contains acetylaminosuccinic acid. Strengthens metabolic processes. Prescribed when asthenic conditions, mild degrees of neurosis, depression, increased fatigue, delayed speech development, neuroses ( mild degree). Used in pediatrics to treat children over 7 years of age. The amount of the drug is prescribed on an individual basis.

Quickly restores the functions of the central nervous system.
Improves the condition of cerebral palsy.
Suitable for long-term treatment neurological disorders.
Improves speech function.
Can be taken with drinks.

Causes tearfulness, hyperactivity, nervous excitability.

"Picamilon"

Has a stimulating effect. Prescribed to children over 3 years of age. Eliminates moodiness and emotional instability. Treats nocturnal manifestations of enuresis. According to the manufacturer, it improves the cognitive abilities of children. Promotes psychomotor development. Can be used in combination with B vitamins and magnesium. Supports physical and mental performance, especially during heavy load during the study period.

Complex action of the drug.
Removes anxiety.
Improves sleep.
Affordable price.
Soft action.

Causes an allergic reaction.
There are contraindications.

Included in the category - nootropic drugs with a calming effect. Relieves hyperactivity, eliminates fears and nightmares, increased anxiety and anxiety. It is also actively used in the treatment of serious neurological diseases - autism, cerebral palsy, epilepsy. One of the most safe means according to the results clinical trials. Improves speech and mental development.

Improves brain health.
After use, the child's development improves.
Helps restore “leg rest”.
Eliminates attention deficit. Normalizes memory.
Corrects speech skills.
The injection does not cause pain.

Incorrect dosage may lead to seizures.
Despite manufacturers' assurances, several patients reported increased hyperactivity.
Calls atopic dermatitis with simultaneous therapy with electrophoresis.

It has a balanced composition. Does not have a negative effect on children's body. Designed to normalize metabolic processes in the brain. Improves the processes of excitation and inhibition. Has a slight stimulating and calming effect. Thanks to this drug, it was possible to avoid the use of sedatives and tranquilizers in many cases.

Prescribed from birth.
Eliminates developmental delays - impaired writing, speech and counting.
Renders effective action with enuresis and urinary incontinence.
Increases performance.
Improves sleep.
Pleasant taste.

May cause allergies. Especially if there is a history of exudative diathesis.

Classic nootropic drugs for adults

Nootropics are better known as neurometabolic stimulants. Actively used by modern students to improve memory, mental activity. Actually a list of them beneficial properties a lot more. Prescribed for traumatic brain injuries, for recovery after a stroke, for Alzheimer's disease, various intoxications and neuroinfections.

Advantages

They have a complex effect.
Can be used in combination with other drugs.
Prescribed for patients of various age categories.
Improves mood and vitality.
They influence the metabolic and bioenergetic processes of nerve cells.

Flaws

There are contraindications.
May cause serious side effects.
Long-term use will require significant expenses.

Rating of the best classic nootropics for adults

Rating

Name

Fenotropil

Price

278 RUR

257 RUR

1042 RUR

Points

Availability in the pharmacy network

Ease of use

Effective elimination of nervous system disorders

Soft action

Increased intellectual abilities

One of the pyrrolidine derivatives. Increases the concentration of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain. Piracetam is used as the main active ingredient. Used in the treatment of diseases of the nervous system, atherosclerosis, and dizziness. Eat different shapes release - in solutions, capsules and tablets. Stimulates cognitive function. Effectively affects the functioning of the central nervous system. Prescribed both to students to improve performance, and to elderly people with psycho-organic syndrome. In rare cases, the drug is prescribed to children.

Has a quick effect.
Safe composition.
Affordable price.
Improves brain activity, blood circulation in the brain, memory, attention.
Reduces the brain's susceptibility to excessive stress, ischemia, and hypoxia.
Does not affect blood vessels.
Normalizes glucose utilization.
It tends to accumulate. Continues to work even a month after the end of treatment.

Do not take if you have kidney disease.
The first result will be noticeable no earlier than half a month after the start of treatment.
Serious side effects are anxiety, hallucinations, confusion, insomnia.
Painful sensations with intramuscular injection.

"Phenotropil"

A nootropic drug designed to stimulate the integrative function of the brain. Improves information perception, increases mental capacity, concentration. Additionally, it has an anticonvulsant effect. It lifts your spirits. Regulates the processes of inhibition and stimulation. Long-term use has an anorexigenic effect. Increases the stability of nerve cells in the brain.

Phenotropil is used as the active ingredient. Increases norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin. The drug is used in the treatment of seizures, neurotic conditions, as well as for depression, diseases of the central nervous system and chronic alcoholism. Available in tablet form.

Has antiamnestic properties.
Improves cerebral circulation.
Relieves the body's sensitivity to stress.
Has anticonvulsant effect.
Helps you concentrate while studying.
Slight toxicity.
Long-term use does not cause drug dependence.
The result appears after the first dose.
Additionally produces a tonic effect, increases physical activity, improves vision.

Consumers report side effects such as insomnia, increased blood pressure, psychomotor agitation.
Available only by prescription.
High price.
Do not take if you have liver or kidney diseases, during pregnancy or breastfeeding.

"Biotredin"

Developed by domestic accounting. Helps to reveal the special capabilities of the brain and achieve the goal. It has a complex effect - activates the brain, relieves psycho-emotional stress. Research has also proven to improve memory and concentration.

The two active components (pyridoxine and threonine) are well absorbed, as they are natural substances for the human body. The drug also belongs to pyridoxine derivatives. Suitable for treating different categories of patients, most often adults and people with alcohol dependence. Available in tablet form.

Increases concentration.
Improves memory.
Has an antidepressant effect. Removes nervous tension, irritability, emotional instability.
Minimal amount side effects.
Normalizes the metabolism of nucleic acids.
Improves alertness and clarity of consciousness. Has a general strengthening effect.
Relieves headaches.
Regulates the susceptibility of the central nervous system to hypoxia and toxic effects.
Causes an aversion to alcohol.

Cannot be taken simultaneously with antipsychotic drugs.
May cause side effects. Consumers note severe dizziness and increased sweating.
It is necessary to inform your doctor about hypersensitivity to vitamin B. The use of the drug in this case is undesirable.

It has neuroprotective, neurometabolic and neurotrophic effects. Helps cope with brain hypoxia and toxic substances. It has moderate sedative and analgesic properties. Stimulates physical and mental performance. Regulates content gamma-aminobutyric acids after ethanol withdrawal and during alcohol intoxication chronic form.

Prescribed for the treatment of epilepsy, to correct the effect of antipsychotic drugs. Helps remove the effects of traumatic brain injuries. It is also used as an auxiliary component for cerebral atherosclerosis and vascular dementia, severe mental and physical stress. The main active ingredient is hopantenic acid. Produced in tablet form.

Improves concentration and memory. Unlike other drugs, it does not cause hyperactivity. Has moderate sedative properties.
It begins to act a few hours after administration.
Normalizes blood flow to the brain.
Eliminates lethargy and weakness.
Long-term use does not cause addiction.
Well absorbed and tolerated by the body.
Increases protective properties to unfavorable external factors.

Can cause an allergic reaction in the form of itching, rash and rhinitis.
Can only be purchased with a prescription.
Cannot be taken simultaneously with sedatives. Strengthens the effect of the latter.
Not prescribed during pregnancy or breastfeeding. May harm patients with severe kidney disease.

"Neurobutal"

Designed to correct metabolic disorders of the central nervous system. Reduces the brain's susceptibility to harmful components. Promotes the utilization of oxygen and glucose. Has mild sedative properties. Normalizes sleep. Improves memory.

Prescribed for neurotic forms of disorder caused by trauma, intoxication or psychogenic influences. Helps, in combination with other drugs, eliminate sleep disorders, cope with chronic form alcoholism. Calcium salt and GABA are used as neurotransmitters. Produced in tablets.

It has a complex effect - adaptogenic, nootropic, analgesic, sedative, tranquilizing.
Relieves panic attacks. Helps cope with neurotic disorders.
Has a beneficial effect on brain activity.
Regulates metabolism in nerve tissues.
Normalizes brain microcirculation.
Reduces susceptibility to toxins and oxygen deficiency.

Do not take if you have kidney or liver diseases, hypersensitivity to one of the components during pregnancy.
Patients report side effects such as headache, allergic reaction, nausea, and increased excitability. It can also manifest itself as a violation of biorhythms - increased daytime sleepiness and reduction in night sleep.

conclusions

Nootropics significantly improve your life. Helps cope with panic attacks, overcome alcohol addiction, improve the development of young children. But with such a combined effect, the drugs have a lot of side effects. Taking nootropic drugs can only be done on the recommendation and under the supervision of a specialist!

Nootropics, the list of drugs of which today is represented by a wide range of drugs, date back to 1963. At that time, Belgian clinicians and pharmacologists managed to synthesize and use in medical practice the first drug from the group of nootropics - Piracetam.

Numerous studies have proven clinical improvements in patients of various groups with constant use of Piracetam, including increased memory and facilitation of learning processes.

In 1972, the term “nootropics” was coined to designate a class of drugs designed to improve the integrative functionality of the brain. In modern neurology, nootropic drugs are an integral part of the treatment of various disorders in children and adults.

Characteristics of the pharmaceutical group

Nootropics(from Greek noos - mind, thoughts and tropos - vector, direction) are widely used in neurological practice to positively influence the higher integrative functions of the brain. With the help of drugs, they correct some behavioral reactions in people and adults, increase resistance to stressful situations, ability to learn, chronic hypoxia. Other functions of the drugs are:

maintaining energy structure neuron (nerve cell);

improving the functionality of the central nervous system;

activation of the plastic functionality of the central nervous system;

providing a pronounced neuroprotective effect;

normalization and stabilization of the cell membrane;

minimizes the need of nerve cells for oxygen.

The nootropic effect can be primary with a direct effect on neurons and secondary with an improvement in general cerebral circulation. There are two main groups of nootropics:

true (improvement of mnestic functions of the brain and nervous system);

combined action (combination of several functions simultaneously).

Synonyms pharmacological group nootropics are cerebroprotectors, neuroregulators, neuroanabolics, eutotrophic, neurometabolic drugs. All terms reflect general action drugs - the ability to stimulate metabolic processes in the nervous structures of the human body.

Mechanism of action

Nootropic drugs directly affect the entire spectrum functional abilities brain, promoting their active activity. Thanks to adequate therapy concentration improves, interactions between the right and left hemispheres are facilitated. It has been proven that the drugs rejuvenate the body and prolong the life of patients with a burdened clinical neurological history.

The biogenic origin of the drug significantly affects all processes of intracellular metabolism, stimulating protein synthesis, excretion of excess glucose, and ATP formation. The following mechanisms and effects of influence are distinguished:

membrane stabilizing effect;

antioxidant;

antihypoxic;

neuroprotective.

There is a significant increase in the brain's resistance to negative impact exogenous and endogenous factors. The effectiveness of the drugs increases with simultaneous use angioprotectors, psychostimulants. The main category of patients who are prescribed nootropics are children and the elderly.

Main indications for use

Typical indications for prescribing nootropic drugs are the following conditions:

psychoorganic syndrome ( dystrophic changes nervous tissue of any origin);

alcoholism with withdrawal syndrome;

drug addiction;

neuroleptic syndrome (as a combination therapy);

neurotic or organic asthenia;

cerebrovascular insufficiency;

sickle cell anemia;

ophthalmological pathologies (complex therapy).

Neurogenic urinary disorders are treated with the help of nootropics. Nootropic drugs - necessary measure for Parkinson's disease, ischemia, cerebral palsy, epileptic seizures.

Contraindications and side effects

Nootropic drugs can be prescribed with relative contraindications at the discretion of the attending physician. Among absolute contraindications distinguish acute or chronic renal failure, pregnancy and lactation, liver diseases with aggravated course, acute hemorrhagic stroke, hypersensitivity, severe psychomotor agitation. Side effects of the drug are the following conditions:

sleep disturbance, insomnia;

dyspeptic disorders;

increased excitability:

anxiety syndrome, panic attacks;

hypotension;

increased effect on hepatic or renal function;

convulsive syndrome, epileptic seizures;

loss of coordination, unsteadiness of gait;

redness of the face, feeling of heat;

severe iosinophilia;

hallucinations and confusion;

thrombophlebitis, febrile syndrome.

While taking the drug, it is possible allergic rashes on the body like urticaria, itching, burning on the skin, mainly in the neck, face, back. If any discomfort occurs, it is recommended to stop treatment or adjust daily dosage. Cases of drug overdose have not been registered.

Basic nootropic drugs

Which ones are better in the treatment of neurological diseases? The use of nootropic drugs can be combined or independent. Typically, nootropics are used as stand-alone therapy for minor disorders. The following drugs with proven effectiveness are widely used in neurological practice:

Nootropic drugs for the treatment of serious neurological disorders are used in adult neurological practice. When used as complex therapy, the likelihood of a decrease or increase in the activity of other drugs is taken into account.

The best nootropics for children

In pediatric practice, nootropics are used to treat mental retardation, to improve attention, speech development, with low performance at school. Children's nootropic drugs have been widely used since 1952. The main reasons for prescribing are the following conditions in children of different ages:

cerebrovascular disease;

hypoxic syndrome in cerebral palsy:

poor speech development;

intellectual disability;

encephalopathy.

It has been proven that in childhood the tolerability of nootropic drugs is much better than in adults. The main medications for children are the following:

Piracetam(Nootropil, Cerebril, Lucetam, Oykamid).

Suitable for use in children over 1 year of age, available in tablets, ampoules, and capsules. Not prescribed for children with increased emotional excitability. The active substance has a beneficial effect on the brain, increases sensitivity to intellectual stress, stabilizes concentration, and promotes learning.

Pantogam.

An anticonvulsant drug suitable for children from the first days of life. It is sold from pharmacies in the form of syrups and tablets. Used to treat children's cerebral palsy, improvement in autism, schizophrenia. Pantogam is used for children with neurogenic or stress urinary incontinence. Also, in the background permanent use the child’s emotional background is normalized, especially with delayed mental and speech development. The likelihood of developing side effects: drowsiness, allergic reactions, dyspeptic disorders.

Picamilon.

The drug, intended to dilate blood vessels in the brain, is an analogue of Piracetam in terms of active substance and effectiveness. Has a mild tranquilizing effect. Dispensed from pharmacies in the form of injections for intravenous and intramuscular injection, in tablets. In pediatrics, it is prescribed to children from 3 years of age. The nootropic drug is especially effective under high emotional stress and increased physical and mental activity.

Phenibut.

The product belongs to drugs latest generation. Prescribed to children for stimulation normal operation nervous system, increasing mental and intellectual activity, while helping to cope with overload. The drug has a low degree of toxicity and is suitable for children over 2 years of age. The main side effects include nausea, increased drowsiness, dizziness. Available from pharmacy chains in the form of powder and tablets.

Pyritinol.

The drug is intended for the effect of mild sedation. Necessary for treatment depressive syndrome in adolescents, with vegetative-vascular dystonia, excessive fatigue. Is complex preparation with delayed mental and mental development. Not recommended for use in children under 12 months. Despite its high activity, the drug has a number of side effects: loss of taste, dyspnea, polymyositis, nausea and dizziness.

Cinnarizine(Vertisin, Disiron, Cyrizin, Balcinnarzin, Cinnarone).

Used in pediatrics to treat children over 12 years of age, but in Lately It is practiced to use the product in children from 1 year of age. The drug has many side effects from typical nausea to epilepsy attacks, kidney and liver dysfunction, arterial hypotension. The effectiveness of the drug has not been proven. The drug is available in the form of capsules and tablets.

Semax.

Medicine widely used in pediatric practice due to high efficiency and convenient pharmacological form. The drug eliminates excessive moodiness and emotional excitability. Side effects include dizziness, nausea, and irritation of the nasal mucosa. Used in children with delayed speech development and sleep disturbances.

Glycine.

The active ingredient is aminoacetic acid. The drug is well tolerated by children early age, effective in case of excessive emotional excitement. Against the backdrop of long-term use, performance and learning ability are activated and regulated. night sleep, concentration of attention increases. Glycine is suitable for treating children of any age.

Gammalon.

New from Japan, is a follower of Piracetam. A similar composition of Gammalon is contained in Aminalon, but the price of the drug is much lower. If the cost of a Japanese nootropic reaches 2,500 rubles. per package, then Aminalon costs 100-150 rubles. per package. The effectiveness of both drugs has not been studied or proven. The price and quality of the Japanese product is more of a marketing ploy.

Experts have different opinions about the effectiveness of nootropics in children. Some consider drugs to be indispensable tools in the treatment of any neurogenic disorders and psycho-emotional disorders. Others doubt the effectiveness of nootropic drugs due to the lack of clinical data for use in childhood. Basically, nootropic drugs are used for "calming" as auxiliary treatment to basic treatment. All drugs are dispensed from pharmacy chains without a prescription.

List of the best nootropics

Which drugs are best to take in a specific clinical situation should be decided by the attending physician. Today there are several of the most effective drugs, which have found wide application in both pediatrics and adult practice for the treatment of diseases of a neurogenic nature:

Piracetam;

Nootropil;

Cerebrolysin;

Vinpocetine;

Biotredin;

Aminalon;

Biotredin.

The effect of constant use of modern nootropic drugs begins only after a few months. As an independent drug, nootropics are used to prevent neurological diseases, decreased performance in adults, and impaired concentration.

Combined products

Among nootropics, there are drugs with a combined composition. Such products include two or more active components, which to one degree or another enhance or reduce the effect of each other. The main drugs in the series are:

Gamalate B6 (composed of pyridoxine hydrochloride, magnesium glutamate hydrobromide);

Omaron, Fezam, Evriza, Noozom (Piracetam and Cinnarizine, auxiliary components);

Neuronorm ( active substances Piracetam and Cinnarizine);

Olatropil (Piracetam and GABA);

Thiocetam (Piracetam and Thiotriazolin).

All products are similar in effectiveness to Piracetam. Combination drugs used for severe problems; similarly to popular drugs, they are used in monotherapy and in combination with other drugs.

All medications, despite the absence of side effects, require a doctor’s prescription. Only on the basis of medical research data can it be established accurate diagnosis, which will determine further adequate treatment.

Piracetam (Nootropil)

NOOTROPICS. ACTOSHUTECTORS

NOOTROPICS

Nootropic drugs (psychometabolic stimulants), providing a selective mnemotropic effect (Greek, tpete - memory, (city - direction), improve higher integrative functions of the brain - intelligence, attention, short- and long-term memory, create the ability to quickly reproduce information, accelerate learning, and reduce the number of errors when solving problems. Nootropic drugs weaken the perception of stressful situations, restore interest in life, goals, a sense of self-confidence, optimism, vitality, and increase the brain’s resistance to harmful influences.

The action of nootropics is aimed at the cortex cerebral hemispheres. They facilitate the interhemispheric transmission of nerve impulses, enhance the controlling influence of the cortex on subcortical structures, and improve the function of both neurons and neuroglia.

The cerebral cortex (especially the temporal and frontal lobes) and the gigoscampus are involved in the formation of memory. amygdala, thalamus, cerebellum (learning of motor conditioned reflexes). The transition from short-term to long-term memory is the transformation of the process of obtaining information into the process of storing it. Such a transformation is ensured by the medial temporal lobe of the cortex, the hippocampus (memorization and consolidation of memory traces), and the reticular formation (regulates attention).

The accumulation and storage of information in memory is caused by electrical and chemical processes in the brain, leading to structural changes. Short-term memory is based on trace phenomena - the circulation of nerve impulses in a chain of neurons after the cessation of the stimulus.

Long-term memory is associated with the chemical encoding of information and the activation of synapses. When neurons are excited repeatedly and for a long time, the concentration of calcium ions in their postsynaptic membrane increases. These ions activate calcium-dependent proteinase (callin), which cleaves the membrane protein (fodrin), followed by unmasking and increasing the number of functioning glutamic acid receptors. Synapses become more sensitive as their conductivity increases due to an increase in the number of glutamic acid receptors.

Acetylcholine is necessary for memory processes. Serotonin accelerates learning and prolongs retention of skills when they are based on positive emotional reinforcement (for example, food). Norepinephrine accelerates learning when negative emotional reinforcement (eg, electrocutaneous reinforcement) is used. Neuropeptides are also involved in the regulation of memory - fragments of ACTT, vasopressin, substance R.

During the formation of long-term memory, the synthesis of RNA and informational neuropeptides - enzymes, cytoreceptors - increases. Already in the first hours after the start of learning, these neuropeptides are transported along axons from neuron bodies to synaptic endings, where they increase the efficiency of synaptic transmission of nerve impulses.

The first nootropic drug piracetam was created in the 1980s by G. Giurgea and V. Skondia, employees of the company SALT(Belgium). The most famous nootropic drugs:

* PIRACETAM (NOOTROPIL) - a pyrrolidone derivative, a cyclic derivative of GABA;

* AMINALON (GAMMALON) - GABA in its pure form:

* PHENIBUT - phenyl derivative of GABA;

* PIKAMILON - a combination of GABA molecules and nicotinic acid;

* 1TIRIDITOL (PYRITINOL, ENERGY BALL. ENCEPHABOL) is a chemical analogue of pyridoxine, but

without the properties of vitamin Sg, it can even act as its antagonist.

Mechanism of action of nootropics

Improving brain bioenergy

Nootropic drugs increase the synthesis of ATP and cAMP, glucose utilization, intensify glycolysis and aerobic respiration, and promote an increase in the activity of adenylate cyclase. As is known, aging and neuropsychiatric diseases are characterized by energy deficiency and decreased adenylate cyclase activity in neurons.

Nootropic drugs with a GABA structure have an antihypoxic effect by modifying the biochemical reactions of the GABA shunt,

The GABA shunt is a bypass between two successive metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid cycle - α-ketoglutaric and succinic acids. Part of a-ketoglutaric acid is converted into succinic acid not directly, but by first undergoing reductive amination into glutamic acid. Glutamic acid is then decarboxylated into GABA. GABA enters into a transamination reaction with α-ketoglutarate. forms glutamic acid and succinic semialdehyde. The latter is either reduced to GHB or oxidized to succinic acid. The GHB-succinic semialdehyde system, under conditions of oxygen deficiency, supplies an additional pool of oxidized NAD*, necessary for the oxidation of lactate to pyruvate. This reduces the toxic effect of lactate on cell enzyme systems and prevents the accumulation of ammonia. There is no correlation between the antihypertensive and myemotropic effects of nootropic drugs. Promotionsynthesis and release of neurotransmitters

Nootropic drugs activate the synthesis, release and turnover of dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, inhibit MAO, increase the formation of beta-adrenergic receptors, cholinergic receptors and neuronal uptake of choline. In the mechanism of neurotransmitter release, blockade of potassium channels is important, which facilitates membrane depolarization. Increased protein and membrane phospholipid synthesis

Nootropic drugs improve the regeneration of neurons, activate their genome and increase the synthesis of informational neuropeptides, intensifying the exchange of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine.

It has been shown that cycloheximnd administered to rat pups on the 7th day of postnatal development causes behavioral and learning disorders. Taking nootropic drugs from the 8th to the 14th day eliminates these disorders. Piracetam stimulates the incorporation of leucine into brain proteins, stabilizes neuronal lysosomes and prevents catabolic processes in the brain during aging.

Improved cerebral blood flowand hemorheological parameters

Nootropic drugs dilate cerebral vessels, improve blood flow in areas of cerebral ischemia, prevent the development of cerebral edema, and block platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. improve the elasticity of erythrocytes and microcirculation. Nicotinic acid in the composition of picamilon has a direct vasodilator and anti-atherosclerotic effect. Antioxidant action

Nootropic drugs, by inhibiting free radical peroxidation, protect neuronal membrane phospholipids from destruction, which facilitates the fixation of memory traces. Lipid peroxidation increases in the brain during organic diseases, aging and stress.

Potentiation of mnemotropic effects of memory neuropeptides

Piracetam, the hormone ring of which does not open to form a linear GABA molecule, is an agonist of receptors that perceive signals from memory neuropeptides (fragments of ACTH, vasopressin, substance R). In terms of its chemical structure, piracetam is similar to the cyclic form of the terminal amino acid of memory neuropeptides - pyroglutamate and affects receptors as an exogenous ligand Probably the most important for the mnemotropic effect of piracetam is the activation of AMPA receptors of glutamic acid (quisqualate receptors),

Application and features of the action of nootropic drugs

Indications for prescribing nootropic drugs are as follows:

Mental retardation, cerebral palsy, prevention cerebral disorders in newborns from high-risk groups;

Atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels, hypertensive encephalopathy, consequences of cerebral stroke;

* Mnestic disorders in alcoholism, epilepsy, neurological infections;

Post-traumatic acute and chronic brain lesions;

Senile dementia, asthenia and depression in the elderly;

Neurosis, severe stress with overwork, impaired mental and social adaptation;

Dizziness;

Comatose states of vascular, toxic or traumatic etiology.

Thus, nootropics address the mind, which is fading either due to pathological processes or as a result of stress caused by physical, chemical, biological and social factors.

Nootropics have therapeutic effect only with long-term course use. The effectiveness of therapy depends on the age of the patient: the younger he is, the better the response to treatment.

PIRACETAM has a stress-protective and anti-anxiety effect as a ligand of benzodiazepine receptors activated during fear and anxiety. The anti-anxiety effect enhances emotional reactivity in conditions conflict situation. Thus, piracetam is a daytime tranquilizer. It is considered the drug of choice for exam stress, when nootropic properties are important. When piracetam is administered into a vein or muscle, the depression of the central nervous system in patients in a state of stupor and coma is reduced.

AMINALONE reduces heart rate and blood pressure in patients with arterial hypertension, accelerates awakening during coma, normalizes blood glucose levels during hyperglycemia, and has a moderate anticonvulsant effect in epilepsy.

PHENIBUT has the properties of a weak daytime tranquilizer with analgesic, anticonvulsant and neurorelaxing activity, and potentiates the effect of drugs that depress the central nervous system. It is an agonist of GABA receptors, inhibits GABA transaminase and increases the release of GABA. Phenibut is prescribed to calm excited children and neurotic children, elderly people with anxious fussiness, night restlessness, sleep disorders, before operations and painful diagnostic procedures, for the treatment of stuttering, tics, spasticity.

PIKAMILON has a moderate tranquilizing effect with a stimulating component, significantly improves cerebral circulation, prevents the suppression of atherosclerosis, reduces the content of GABA in the brain and the activity of GABA transaminase.

PYRIDITOL increases the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to glucose, fatty acids, acetic acid and amino acids, stimulates their oxidation and ATP production in neurons, reduces the formation of lactate, creates conditions for metabolic processes to occur without increasing the need for oxygen, and also increases protein synthesis and the supply of sodium ions into the brain. Pyriditol occupies an intermediate position between nootropic drugs and psychostimulants. It activates the ideational and motor spheres of activity, increases physical endurance. Indications for the use of pyriditol are mild depression, asthenic and neurosis-like disorders of organic origin. The use of this drug in gerontological practice is limited due to its pronounced psychostimulating effect.

ACEPHEN (MEO1OPHENOXATE HYDROCHLORIDE, CENTROPHENOXIN) undergoes hydrolysis to form lara-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (a synthetic analogue of plant auxin) and dimethylaminoethanol (an active antioxidant). Acefen has a myemotropic and moderate psychostimulating effect, activates glucose transport across the blood-brain barrier, stabilizes mitochondrial membranes, improves oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis in neurons, increases synaptic transmission of nerve impulses and the number of cholinergic receptors, in the experiment it promotes the disappearance of lipofuscin granules (neurons of old animals look like nerve cells young animals). Indicated for asthenia, intellectual impairment in old age, somatogenic psychoses, trauma and vascular diseases of the brain, neurosis obsessive states, diencephalon and lateral amyogrophic syndromes. Dimethyllaminoethanol is used as a nootropic under the name DEANOL ACEGLUMATE (DEMANOL).

PANTOGAM (HOMOPANTOTENOBIC ACID) - calcium salt of P-homo-pantothenic acid, in which the fragment (3-alanine is replaced by GABA. Normally, the content of homopantothenic acid in the brain is 0.5-1% of the amount of GABA. It is a reserve form of GABA. Pantogam is characterized by pronounced irotivoconvulsive and anti-anxiety effects, the ability to reduce the reaction to painful stimulation.This nootropic agent enhances the oxidation of fatty acids in the brain, the oxidative decarboxylation of α-keto acids, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and has a hypocholesterol-mimetic effect.

The use of Pantogam is recommended for neurosis, Parkinson's disease, some forms of epilepsy, tremor, stuttering, motor complications of antipsychotic therapy, encephalitis, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, neuralgia trigeminal nerve. It is not effective for symptomatic parkinsonism, depression and chronic alcoholism.

Nootropic drugs are well tolerated by patients. In selected patients receiving piracetam. picamilon, pyriditol or acephen, irritability, restlessness, insomnia, anxiety, dyspeptic disorders, and allergic reactions occur. Piracetam sometimes causes exacerbation of angina in older people. Sick diabetes mellitus It is necessary to take into account the large amount of sugar in the composition of piracetam granules. Taking aminalon may be accompanied by vomiting, a feeling of fever, and fluctuations in blood pressure. Acefen increases delirium, hallucinations, anxiety in mental patients, provokes arrhythmia (Dimethylaminoethanol acts as a choline antagonist in the synthesis of acetylcholine). When treated with pantogam, a syndrome similar to Reis' syndrome (encephalopathy and fatty degeneration of internal organs) has been described. This severe complication is caused by impaired carnitine metabolism.

Piracetam is contraindicated in acute renal failure, diabetes mellitus (granules), and children under one year of age. Picamilon is not prescribed against the background of acute and chronic kidney disease, pyriditol and acephen - for mental agitation, neuroinfections, epilepsy and other convulsive conditions.

Therapy with nootropic drugs is inappropriate for persistent and significant impairment of mental activity and intelligence.

ACTOPROTEKT ORY

Actoprotectors increase physical and mental performance in difficult conditions. A drug in this group, the mercaptobenzimidazole derivative BEMITIL, increases motivation, mental activity and attention, and improves cerebral circulation. It has a strong antihypoxic effect, as it reduces oxygen consumption by tissues, heat production, consumption of energy resources per unit of work performed, increases the conjugation of oxidative phosphorylation and the synthesis of high-energy phosphates. Activates glyconeogenesis, improves the utilization of glucose by the brain, heart and skeletal muscles, while the body is cleansed of lactic acid and ammonia, utilized in the glucosolactate and glucose-alanine cycles. Stimulates RNA, protein synthesis and tissue regeneration. Potentiates the effects of endogenous antioxidant systems - superoxide dismutase and catalase.

Bemitil used for the treatment of diseases accompanied by chronic hypoxia, for example, psychasthenia, vestibular disorders, myocardial dystrophy, acute hepatitis, radiation sickness. It is prescribed for rapid recovery during intense physical activity in sports and industrial medicine. The drug is also used as a stimulator of humoral and cellular immunity.

Some sick Bemitil causes dyspeptic disorders, irritability and insomnia, and is contraindicated in case of hypoglycemia.