Oleg Lamykin This tasty and healthy life. A complete system of nutrition and cleansing of the body Dedicated to my beloved wife, who selflessly guards me and inspires all these

Exercise and our nutrition system I am a big fan of exercise and its impact on health. But I don't understand what's the point of wasting time without your family and friends when you spend hours on it thinking you need crazy weight loss exercises that create

Assignment of the type of medical nutrition The first option: is prescribed to patients with normal body weight in the absence of pronounced violations nutritional and metabolic status. A diet with a physiological content of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, enriched with dietary fiber,

The nomenclature of dietary tables (developed at the Clinic for Clinical Nutrition of the Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences) Diet No. 1 Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum in the stage of fading exacerbation and compensation; chronic gastritis with

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"Dieta" means "nutrition system" In Spain they say: " mediterranean diet is back in fashion." The most common advice given in recent times to the population, physicians and nutritionists - to return to the basics of a healthy diet. "How so?" the reader will ask:

And human performance.

By changing the nature of nutrition, it is possible to regulate the metabolism in the body and thereby actively influence the course of the disease. When prescribing dietary nutrition, the starting point is a rationally constructed diet of a healthy person, which changes qualitatively and quantitatively according to the disease of the organ or whole system organs.

By dietary measures, certain nutrients are either completely eliminated from the diet, or they are technologically prepared in such a way that disturbed functions are replenished. For example, in diabetes mellitus, when the violation of carbohydrate absorption changes, it is temporarily or completely eliminated from food. simple sugars limit the inclusion of foods rich in starch. In some cases, simple sugars are replaced with sweeteners. In gastritis with hypersecretion of gastric juice, food substances that are strong irritants of gastrointestinal secretion are excluded from the diet.

Sparing

These techniques constitute the principles of dietary (therapeutic) nutrition, the so-called "sparing". There are three types of sparing: mechanical, chemical, thermal.

mechanical sparing It is achieved mainly by grinding food, as well as by the appropriate method of heat treatment - grinding food in boiled form (steamed or in water).

chemical sparing is achieved by eliminating or limiting those nutrients that can further disrupt the functions of a diseased organ, as well as by changing the method of cooking.

Thermal sparing- exclusion from food of strong thermal stimuli, i.e. very cold or very hot food. The temperature of the first and second hot dishes should not be higher than 60 °, snacks and drinks - not lower than 15 °. This must be taken into account, since hot dishes have a juice effect and weaken the motility of the stomach, cold ones reduce the secretion of the stomach, increase motility. Thermal sparing is used mainly for gastrointestinal diseases.

When prescribing a particular diet, it is necessary to take into account the overall effect of foods and dishes on the gastrointestinal tract. For example:

• foods that quickly leave the stomach (dairy products, soft-boiled eggs, fruits and berries);
• slow-digesting foods (fresh bread, refractory fats, fried meat, legumes);
• having a pronounced juicy action - nitrogenous extractive substances (, mushrooms (broths from them), cheese, spices, cabbage, cucumbers, smoked meats);
• having a weak juice effect (milk and dairy products, boiled vegetables and fruits, boiled meat, green pea, butter, fresh cottage cheese, soft-boiled egg);
• laxative (prunes, vegetable oil, xylitol, sorbitol, cold vegetable dishes, cold vegetable juices, sweet drinks, vegetables and fruits, one-day yogurt, cold mineral water, wholemeal bread);
• reverse action (hot dishes, jelly, rice and semolina, flour dishes, cocoa, coffee, chocolate);
• possess choleretic action(vegetable oil, especially olive, vegetables rich in vegetable fiber, tomatoes, grated radish with vegetable oil, beets, sorbitol, xylitol);
• cause flatulence (legumes, fresh bread, especially rye, white cabbage, whole milk);
• excite the central nervous system (meat and fish broths, cocoa, strong tea, spices, spices).

In some diseases (obesity, atherosclerosis, hypertension, etc.) unloading diets, the purpose of which is to ensure the most complete sparing of the affected organs and systems, to promote the normalization of metabolism and the removal from the body of an excessive amount of unfavorably active substances. This is achieved through sharp decline the energy value of the diet and the content of nutrients that burden the work of diseased organs.

Highly great importance in diet food has a power supply. One-time meals are increased to five. Accordingly, the intervals between meals are reduced (up to 3-4 hours). In connection with a decrease in appetite in patients, it is necessary to strictly observe the time of eating, with the exception of diet No. 1 (for gastritis with increased secretion of gastric juice) and diet No. 8 (obesity). With a number of diets, more uniform distribution calories in meals. Importance has an assortment of dishes, culinary processing of food, which improves taste qualities dietary meals and provides all types of walking, preserves the biological value of the diet and optimal digestibility of nutrients.

Characteristics of the main diets

Dietary nutrition is used both in hospitals (hospitals) and in sanatoriums. In our country, a group number system for prescribing therapeutic nutrition is used. The main diets are indicated by the corresponding numbers from #1 to #15. The most common diets are #1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15.

Diet number 1

Indications: inflammatory diseases stomach (gastritis) with impaired secretory and motor functions, gastric and duodenal ulcers. The causes of these diseases are a systematic violation of the diet, consumption during long period very spicy and spicy food, very hot or cold food, poor chewing, dry eating, upset nervous system smoking, alcohol abuse.

The purpose of the appointment. Normalize the secretory and motor functions of the stomach, stimulate the process of restoration of the mucosa and promote the healing of ulcers.

general characteristics. The diet is complete. All types of sparing are applied.

Mechanical sparing. All dishes are cooked in boiled form (in water or steamed), chopping, pureed dishes, meat is consumed without tendons, cartilage, fish and poultry - without skin.

Chemical sparing. When dieting, extractive substances are excluded (strong meat, fish, mushroom broths, all sour dishes and salty, fermented foods, all types of spices, except dill and parsley). It is not recommended to use strong tea, coffee, fried foods.

Diet - 5 meals a day, with short breaks and small portions.

Diet #2

Indications: inflammatory processes gastric mucosa, gastritis with decreased secretion gastric juice, chronic inflammatory diseases of the small (enteritis) and large (colitis) intestines.

The purpose of the appointment. stimulate secretory function stomach, normalize the motor function of the stomach and intestines, reduce putrefactive and fermentation processes in the gastrointestinal tract.

Causes causing stomach ailments are similar to those described in Diet #1. intestinal infections (food poisoning, dysentery, etc.), the use of rough food (immature vegetables and fruits), erratic eating, disorders of the nervous system, etc.

General characteristics. The diet is complete. Moderate mechanical, chemical and thermal sparing is applied.

Chemical sparing provides for an exception excess fat, which inhibits gastric secretion.

Dishes that are indigestible, irritating to the mucous membrane are excluded. gastrointestinal tract that enhance fermentation (whole milk, white cabbage, Rye bread, sweet fruit juices, sweets, etc.), putrefaction (meat fried foods in large quantities).

To stimulate gastric secretion, extractives of meat, fish and mushroom broths are used, but they must be secondary, since it is necessary to reduce the fat content in broths. The same goal is pursued by the observance of the diet, especially the strict observance of the time of eating for the development of a conditioned food reflex. The conditions of eating, table setting, organoleptic indicators of food are also important. It also matters the correct preparation of the menu, especially lunch - the inclusion of an appetizer and a hot dish.

The diet is 5 times a day, 4 times a day is allowed. Diet number 5

Indications: acute and chronic diseases of the liver (hepatitis), gallbladder (cholecystitis), cholelithiasis.

The purpose of the appointment. Contribute to the normalization of the liver and gallbladder, to prevent the formation of stones.

Most common causes of these diseases are biliary tract infections and violation of the principles rational nutrition: overeating, especially foods rich in animal fats, cholesterol (dishes and gastronomic products from fried meat, offal, goose, duck, eggs); restriction in the diet of protein, vegetable oils, vegetables with a choleretic effect, grain products rich in dietary fiber; abuse of salt, pickled vegetables, vegetables containing oxalic acid (sorrel, spinach, rhubarb, etc.), fried foods; non-compliance with the diet (eating is a stimulus for bile secretion: the less often a person eats, the longer and more bile stagnates in the gallbladder).

General characteristics. The diet is complete, but with the restriction of refractory fats, inclusion in the diet increased amount lipotropic substances. Also excluded are foods rich in extractives, purines, cholesterol, oxalic acid, essential oils, products of fat oxidation. To normalize liver function, in addition to lipotropic substances, it is necessary to include fiber, pectin substances and a lot of fluid.

Diet - 5 times a day, in small portions at the same time.

Diet number 7

Indications: sharp and chronic inflammation kidneys (nephritis).

The purpose of the appointment. Sparing of the affected organ and excretion from the body excess fluid and nitrogenous slags.

general characteristics. The diet is complete, with some protein restriction. The liquid content in the diet is reduced, all dishes are prepared without salt, 3-4 g of salt are given to the patient in the hands, dishes rich in extractives, foods rich in oxalic acid, and essential oils are excluded. The diet should include foods rich in potassium.

Diet - 5-time, 4-time is allowed.

Diet number 8

Indications: obesity as a primary disease or concomitant with other diseases.

The main causes of obesity are physical inactivity, overnutrition, rare but lavish receptions write, abuse of fatty gastronomic products and flour confectionery, sweets, spices.

The purpose of the appointment. Normalize body weight, promote the restoration of metabolism.

General characteristics. The diet is inadequate. Calorie restriction due to carbohydrates (digestible) and partly fats (animals). Exclusion from the diet of appetizing foods and dishes, confectionery and sweets, limiting salty food and liquids.

Inclusion in the diet of an increased amount of seafood and rich in dietary fiber.

Diet - 5-6 meals a day.

Diet number 9

Indications: contribute to the normalization carbohydrate metabolism, prevention of violations of fat metabolism.

General characteristics. A diet with a moderately reduced energy value due to the exclusion of easily digestible carbohydrates and fats of animal origin. limited complex carbohydrates(starch) and products that burden the work of the liver, containing cholesterol, extractives.

In the diet, the content of lipotropic substances, vitamins (especially vitamin C and the B group of vitamins), and dietary fiber are increased. Pisha is cooked in boiled and baked form.

For sweet dishes, sweeteners are used - xylitol and sorbitol.

Diet - 5-4 times a day.

Diet number 10

Indications: in diseases of the cardiovascular system (hypertension, ischemic disease heart disease, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis).

The purpose of the appointment. Contribute to the restoration of impaired blood circulation, normalize the function of the liver, kidneys, slow down the progression of atherosclerosis.

General characteristics. The diet excludes substances that stimulate the central nervous system and cardiovascular, strong tea, coffee, cocoa, chocolate, meat, fish, mushroom broths, spicy dishes, smoked meats, foods rich in cholesterol. Limit vegetables. causing flatulence(radish, cabbage, garlic, onion, legumes), carbonated drinks. Products of predominantly alkaline orientation (containing salts of K, Mg, Ca) are recommended.

The share of vegetable fats increases (up to 40%). The diet is enriched with dietary fiber, vitamins C, P, E, carotenes, iodine.

Restriction of salt and water.

Diet - 4-5 meals a day.

Diet number 15

Indications: various diseases that do not require application special diets, as well as a transitional diet during the recovery period from special medical nutrition to rational nutrition.

The purpose of the appointment. Provide physiological needs in food and energy.

General characteristics. The diet is physiologically complete, rich in biologically valuable substances: essential amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins. Salt - 10-15 g, free liquid 1.5-2 liters. Exclude indigestible foods and dishes, spicy dishes and spices, smoked meats.

Diet- 4 times.

Order No. 330 of the MZRF

Information letter of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated April 7, 2004, in which explanations, additions and clarifications to the specified document are given. It says that a new nomenclature of diets (a system of standard diets) is being introduced in health care facilities, which differ from each other in the content of basic nutrients and energy value, cooking technology and the average daily set of food products.

Previously used diets of the number system (1-15) are combined or included in the system of standard diets, which are prescribed for various diseases, depending on the stage and severity or complications of organs or body systems.

Table 1. System of standard diets

The introduction of a new nomenclature of diets (system of standard diets) into the work of medical institutions provides for the possibility of using them in these institutions individual approach to the diet therapy of a specific patient with a specific disease (Tables 1, 2).

Table 2. Chemical composition and energy value of standard diets